IGCSE

Mathematics
Unit 4 - Graphs

Quadratic, Cubic and Rational

Unit 4 - Graphs

Lesson #1
Lesson Objective: I can recognise key features of a
Quadratic Function and Sketch the graph
Unit 4 - Graphs

Types of Graphs

Linear

Quadratic

Cubic

Reciprocal
Quadratic Graphs Satellite Dish

y = ax2

Path of a Moving Object

Single
Focus

Receiver Transmitter
A Parabolic device has a single focus.
This enables radiation to be received and
Radio Telescope amplified or transmitted and amplified. Torch Reflector
Quadratic Graphs
Quadratic Graphs
y
10
9

8 y = x2
7
6
5

4
3
y = x2 - 5
2
1

-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
-1 y = x2 + 1
-2
-3
-4

-5
-6
-7

-8
-9
-10
Quadratic Graphsy
20
19

18

17
y = x2
16

15
14
13
y = 2x2
12

11
10
9 y = 3x2
8
7
6 As the coefficient of x2
5 becomes larger, the curve
4 becomes compressed in the
3 x direction towards the y
2 axis .
1

-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x
 Quadratic Graphs
y
10
9

8 y = x2
7
6
5 y = ½x2
4
3
2
y = ¼x2
1

-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
-1

-2
-3 As the the coefficient of x
-4
becomes smaller, the curve
-5
opens up. It is stretched in
-6
the x direction away from
-7

-8
the y axis.
-9
-10
 y Quadratic Functions
Sketching
8

6 Drawing quadratic graphs of

5 the form y = ax2 + bx + c
Equation
4
LoS of Line of Example 1.
3 symmetry y = x2 - 2x - 8
2
is x = 1
x
1
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x2 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 25
-1

-2 -2x 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10
-3
-8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8
-4

-5 y 7 0 -5 -8 -9 -8 -5 0 7
-6
Minimum point
-7

-8
at (1, -9)

-9
 y
Sketching Quadratic Functions 8

7
Example 2.
6
y = x2 + 5x + 2
LoS 5

4 x -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
3 x2 36 25 16 9 4 1 0 1
2 5x -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 x4 y 8 2 -2 -4 -4 -2 2 8
-1

-2
Drawing quadratic graphs
-3
of the form y = ax2 + bx + c
-4

-5 Minimum point
Equation of Line -6 at (-2½, -4¼)
of Symmetry is
-7 approximately
x = - 2½
-8
Example

• Plot a graph of the equation y = x2 + 2x

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 3 0 -1 0 3 8 15 y = x2 + 2x
Sketching Quadratic Functions

y y

y = -x2 - 5x - 2
A negative x2
term inverts
the curve.

0
0
x
x

y = -x2 + 2x + 8
Example

• Plot a graph of the equation ‘y = 3 – x2

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y -6 -1 2 3 2 -1 -6

y = 3 - x2
 ExampleyQuestion
8

6
(a) Draw the graph of y = x2 - 4x - 5
5

4
(b) Write down the co-ordinates of the
minimum point.
3
(c) Write down the equation of the line
2 of symmetry.
1
x (d) Find the value of y when x = 2½.
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(e) Find the values of x when y = -8.
-1

-2

-3 (a) 
-4 (b) (2, -9)
-5 (c) x=2
-6 (d) y = -8.7 (approx)
-7
(e) x = 1 and 3
-8

-9
Summary
Your Turn

Nautilus Book 1

• Page 262
• Ex 1, Q 1 - 4
• Ex 1*, Q1 - 3
Tell me either:

a FACT you LEARNED today

a SKILL you IMPROVED IN today

an IDEA or MOMENT you APPRECIATED

today
Unit 4 - Graphs

Lesson #2
Lesson Objective: I can solve simple Quadratic
Equations using the graph .
Starter
1) Complete the table of values and plot the 2) Complete the table of values and plot the
graph of y = x2 – 3x – 7 for the range given. graph of y = 2 – x – x2 for the range given.
You may use a calculator. You may use a calculator.

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 11 3 -3 -7 -9 -9 -7 y -4 0 2 2 0 -4 -10

10 10

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-10 -10
Recap
Solving Quadratic Equations - Recap

Using the Zero-Product Property,

Solve:
Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing

Solving Quadratic Equations Graphically

• Solutions occur where y = 0

• Where graph cuts the X axis

• Known as roots.
Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing
Solving ax2+bx+c = 0 using Graphs
Solve x2 -2x – 8 = 0
y = x2 -2x – 8
Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing

Solving ax2+bx+c = 0 using Graphs

Solve x2 -2x – 8 = 0
y = x2 -2x – 8
Where on graph does y = 0?

? Solutions
(The Roots)
?
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

? X = -2 or 4
Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing

Solving ax2+bx+c = 0 using Graphs

Solve x2 - 8x + 7 = 0
y = x2 -8x + 7

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X = 1 or 7
Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing
Y = x2 + 6x + 8 Find A and B
Not given x values
But we know y = 0
Solve x2 + 6x + 8 = 0

Factorise

You know this already

or quadratic formula
A B (x + 2)(x + 4) = 0

x+2 = 0 or x+4 = 0

x = -2 or x = -4
A (-4 , 0) B (-2 , 0)
Example

y = x2 – 5x – 6

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Solve x2 – 5x – 6 = 0 Roots x = -1 or 6
Summary
Your Turn

Nautilus Book 1

• Page 265
• Ex 2, Q 1 to 5
• Ex 3, Q 1 + 2
Tell me either:

a FACT you LEARNED today

a SKILL you IMPROVED IN today

an IDEA or MOMENT you APPRECIATED

today
Unit 4 - Graphs

Lesson #3
Lesson Objective: I can sketch Cubic Functions
General Graphs
Drawing Cubic Graphs

• We have seen how to plot graphs before

• Today we will focus on plotting cubic graphs

• You have seen that graphs with an x2 in will

take a u or n shape depending on whether
the x2 term is positive or negative

• Cubic graphs are very important as they

allow us to model 3D problems
Cubic Graphs
Drawing Cubic Graphs

Plot a graph of the function:

y = x3 – x2 - 4x + 4 20

in the range -3 ≤ x ≤ 3
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y -20 0 6 4 0 0 10

Using a calculator is fine, but

ensure you use brackets when -3 -2 -1 1 2 3

substituting numbers in…

𝑦 =𝑥3 − 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥 +4 Sub in -3
3 2 using brackets
𝑦 =(−3) − ( − 3 ) − 4 ( −3 )+ 4
Calculate
𝑦 =−20 -20
Drawing Cubic Graphs

Plot a graph of the function:

y = 10 + 19x – 4x2 – 4x3 75

in the range -3 ≤ x ≤ 3
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y 25 -12 -9 10 21 0 -77

Using a calculator is fine, but

ensure you use brackets when -3 -2 -1 1 2 3

substituting numbers in…

𝑦 =10+19 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥 3 Sub in
2 3 -3
𝑦 =10+19 ( − 3 ) − 4 ( −3 ) − 4 (−3)
Calculate
𝑦 =25 -75
Summary
Your Turn

Nautilus Book 2

• Page 129
• Ex 1, Q 5+6
• Ex 1*, Q4
Plenary
Match up the graphs with the equations. Make sure you can explain your
reasoning!
𝑦 =2 𝑥 3 − 4 𝑥 2+1 𝑦 =𝑥3

𝑦 =𝑥2
𝑦 =2 𝑥 +1

𝑦 =𝑥2 − 4
𝑦 =2 −3 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2

𝑦 =𝑥

𝑦 =3 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑦=1−0.25 𝑥
Plenary
As a general summary:

x -x x2

-x2

-x3 The graph will always

take the general
shape of the
HIGHEST power in
the equation!
x3
 Starter (printout)
1) Complete the table of values and 2) Complete the table of values and
plot the graph of y = x2 – 3x - 7. You plot the graph of y = 2 – x – x2 for the
may use a calculator. range given. You may use a calculator.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y y

10 10

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3

-10 -10
 Plenary (printout)
Match up the graphs with the equations. Make sure you can explain your
reasoning!
𝑦 =2 𝑥 3 − 4 𝑥 2+ 1 𝑦 =𝑥3

𝑦 =𝑥2
𝑦 =2 𝑥 +1

𝑦 =𝑥2 − 4

𝑦 =2 −3 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2
𝑦 =𝑥

𝑦 =3 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 =1 −0.25 𝑥
Tell me either:

a FACT you LEARNED today

a SKILL you IMPROVED IN today

an IDEA or MOMENT you APPRECIATED

today
Unit 4 - Graphs

Lesson #4
Lesson Objective: I can draw basic Rational Functions.
Reciprocal Graphs
Reciprocal Graphs
Reciprocal Graphs
 x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
y=4
x -1 -1.3 -2 -4 4 2 1.3 1
4 x

3
Draw the graph of: 2 x
y=4 x
x 1 x
Use graph to solve the
equation -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
4 = 2.5 x
x x -1 Solution
x -2
x = 1.65
Draw the graph
y = 2.5 -3
x -4
Autograph

4 y

–6 –4 –2 2 4 6

–1

–2

–3

–4
GDC
Desmos
Summary

Nautilus Book 2

• Page 133
• Ex 2, Q 3, 4, 5
• Ex 2*, Q 4 + 5
Tell me either:

a FACT you LEARNED today

a SKILL you IMPROVED IN today

an IDEA or MOMENT you APPRECIATED

today
Unit 4 - Graphs

Lesson #5
Lesson Objective: I can use Graphs to Solve Equations
 Using Quadratics to solve equations
2
10 y
𝑦 =𝑥
9

–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

–1

–2

–3
 Using Quadratics to solve equations
2
10 y
𝑦 =𝑥
9

–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

–1

–2

–3
 Using Quadratics to solve equations
2
Solve 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 3=0 10 y
How?
9

–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

–1

–2

–3
 10 y

Using Quadratics to solve

2 equations
Rearrange 𝑥 = 𝑥+3 9

2
Plot 𝑦 =𝑥 6

𝑦 =𝑥+ 3 4

–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

–1

–2

–3

𝑦 =𝑥+ 3 Gradient = 1 and y-intercept = 3

 10 y

Using Quadratics to solve equations 9

–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

–1

–2

–3

Solutions
𝑥 ≈ −1.3 𝑥 ≈ 2.3
 Using Quadratics to solve equations
2
Solve
10 y
𝑥 +2 𝑥=2
9

Solution 5

–9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

–1

–2

–3
 Using Quadratics to solve equations
2
𝑦 =𝑥 −5 𝑥+ 5
7 y
0≤ 𝑥≤5
2
𝑥 −5 𝑥+ 5=0
6

4
𝑥 ≈ 1.4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≈ 3.6
3

–1 1 2 3 4 55

–1

–2

–3
How can we use this?

2
𝑥 −5 𝑥+ 5=0
𝑥 ≈ 1.4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≈ 3.6
To solve:
2
𝑥 −5 𝑥+ 3=0

2 Both sides
𝑥 −5 𝑥+ 5=2
 Using Quadratics to solve equations
2
7 y
𝑥 −5 𝑥+ 5=2
6
2
𝑦 =𝑥 −5 𝑥+ 5
5

𝑦 =2 3

–1 1 2 3 4 5

–1

–2

–3
𝑥 ≈ 0.7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≈ 4.3
How can we use this?

2
𝑥 −5 𝑥+ 5=0
𝑥 ≈ 1.4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≈ 3.6
To solve:
2 Add
𝑥 − 4 𝑥+ 4=0
2
𝑥 −5 𝑥+ 5=1 − 𝑥 To both
sides
 Using Quadratics to solve equations
2
7 y
𝑥 −5 𝑥+ 5=1 − 𝑥
6
2
𝑦 =𝑥 −5 𝑥+ 5
5

–1

𝑦 =1 − 𝑥
–1
1 2 3 4 5

–2
𝑥=2
–3
 What does this mean?

7 y

6
2
𝑦 =𝑥 −5 𝑥+ 5
5

–1 1 2 3 4 5

𝑁𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
–1

–2

–3
Summary
Your Turn

Nautilus Book 2

• Page 217
• Ex 1, Q 2, 4, 6
• Ex 2, Q 1+2
Tell me either:

a FACT you LEARNED today

a SKILL you IMPROVED IN today

an IDEA or MOMENT you APPRECIATED

today
Unit 4 - Graphs

Lesson #6
Lesson Objective: I can use Graphs to solve other types
of Equations including simultaneous Equations (Linear
and Non-Linear).
 Using Cubic and Other Graphs
3
10

9
y 𝑦 =𝑥
8

1
x

–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1

–2

–3

–4

–5

–6

–7

–8

–9

–10
Using Cubic and Other Graphs

3
𝑦 =𝑥 HOW CAN WE USE THIS?
To solve:
3
𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 4=0

3
𝑥 −3 𝑥 +1=0
 Using Cubic and Other Graphs
3
10 y
𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 4=0
3
𝑦 =𝑥
9

𝑦 =4 −2 𝑥 4

1
x

–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1

𝑥 ≈ 1.2
–2

–3

–4

–5

–6

–7

–8

–9

–10
 Using Cubic and Other Graphs
3
10 y 𝑥 −3 𝑥 +1=0
9

3
𝑦 =𝑥
8

𝑦 =3 𝑥 −1
5

1
x

–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1

–2

–3

–4

𝑥 ≈ −1.9 , 0.4 ,1.5

–5

–6

–7

–8

–9

–10
RECAP and Important

Sketching Quadratics ‘quickly’

2
𝑦 = 𝑥 −3 𝑥 − 10
x-intercepts
2
𝑥 −3 𝑥 − 10= 0
( 𝑥+ 2)( 𝑥 −5)=0 Quadratic
Formula???

𝑥=− 2 𝑜𝑟 5
y-intercept
2
𝑦 =( 0) − 2 ( 0 ) −10=−10
RECAP and Important

Sketching Quadratics ‘quickly’

2
𝑦 = 𝑥 −3 𝑥 − 10
Shape term is > 0
Vertex
x-intercepts are 𝑥 =− 2 𝑜𝑟 5
− 2 +5 3
Half way between 𝑥= =
2 2
Vertex
𝑦 =( 1.5)2 − 3 (1.5 ) − 10=−12.15 (1.5 , −12.25)
RECAP and Important

2
𝑦 = 𝑥 −3 𝑥 − 10
y

𝑥=−2 2
𝑥=5 x

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6

−2

−4

−6

−8

10
−10
Vertex
(1.5 , −12.25)
−12

−14
RECAP and Important

2
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 8 𝑥 +15SKETCH
2
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 12
2
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 8 𝑥 −20
2
𝑦 =2 𝑥 +2 𝑥 −24
2
𝑦 =− 𝑥 + 𝑥+12
Sketch
2
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 8 𝑥 +15
4 y

−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2

−1

−2
 Sketch
2
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 12
y

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6

−5

−10
 Sketch
2
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 8 𝑥 −20
y

−12 −11 −10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

−5

−10

−15

−20

−25

−30

−35

−40
 Sketch
2
𝑦 =2 𝑥 +2 𝑥 −24
5 y

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5

−5

−10

−15

−20

−25

−30
 Sketch
2
𝑦 =− 𝑥 + 𝑥+12
20 y

15

10

−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

−5

−10

−15

−20
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
 6 y

4
(3,4)

−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4

−2

(−2 , −1)
−4

−6
Summary
Your Turn

Nautilus Book 2

• Page 221
• Ex 3, Q 1 - 3
• Ex 4, All
Tell me either:

a FACT you LEARNED today

a SKILL you IMPROVED IN today

an IDEA or MOMENT you APPRECIATED

today
Unit 4 - Graphs

Lesson #7
Lesson Objective: I can find the Gradient by the
Tangent of a curve and do applied problems (Velocity)
Tangents
Example
Find the gradient of the curve at: 𝑥 =1

Gradient =

At x = 1

5 Gradient =

2.5
Example
Find the gradient of the curve at: 𝑥=−2

10
Gradient =

2 At x = -2

Gradient =
Example
Find the gradient of the curve at: 𝑥=−2
Example
Find the gradient of the curve at: 𝑥 =0

Gradient =

At x = 0

Gradient =

What does
this mean?
 Distance-time graphs - Recap
2) Horizontal line = 4) Diagonal line
downwards =
40

30
Distance
(metres) 20

10
Time/s

0
20 40 60 80 100

1) Diagonal line = 3) Steeper diagonal line =

 40

30
Distance
(metres) 20

10

20 40 60 80 100
Time/s
1) What is the speed during the first 20 seconds?
2) How far is the object from the start after 60 seconds?
3) What is the speed during the last 40 seconds?
4) When was the object travelling the fastest?
Distance Time Graphs

• Describe how the dog’s speed varies

• Estimate the dog’s speed after 30 seconds.
Unit 4 – XXXX
Summary
Your Turn

Nautilus Book 1

• Page 359
• Ex 1, Q 1+2
• Ex 1*, Q1
Tell me either:

a FACT you LEARNED today

a SKILL you IMPROVED IN today

an IDEA or MOMENT you APPRECIATED

today
Unit 4 - Graphs

Lesson #8
Lesson Objective: I can find simple percentage change.
Unit 4 – XXXX
Summary
Your Turn

Nautilus Book 1

• Page 359
• Ex 1, Q 1+2
• Ex 1*, Q1
Tell me either:

a FACT you LEARNED today

a SKILL you IMPROVED IN today

an IDEA or MOMENT you APPRECIATED

today
Unit 4 - Graphs

Lesson #9
Lesson Objective: I can convert recurring decimals to
fractions.
Unit 4 – XXXX
Summary
Your Turn

Nautilus Book 1

• Page 359
• Ex 1, Q 1+2
• Ex 1*, Q1
Tell me either:

a FACT you LEARNED today

a SKILL you IMPROVED IN today

an IDEA or MOMENT you APPRECIATED

today
Unit 4 - Graphs

Lesson #10
Lesson Objective: I can find simple percentage change.
Unit 4 – XXXX
Summary
Your Turn

Nautilus Book 1

• Page 359
• Ex 1, Q 1+2
• Ex 1*, Q1
Tell me either:

a FACT you LEARNED today

a SKILL you IMPROVED IN today

an IDEA or MOMENT you APPRECIATED

today
Unit 4 - Graphs

Lesson #11
Lesson Objective: I can convert recurring decimals to
fractions.
Unit 4 – XXXX
Summary
Your Turn

Nautilus Book 1

• Page 359
• Ex 1, Q 1+2
• Ex 1*, Q1
Tell me either:

a FACT you LEARNED today

a SKILL you IMPROVED IN today

an IDEA or MOMENT you APPRECIATED

today
Unit 4 - Graphs

Lesson #12
Lesson Objective: I can find simple percentage change.
Unit 4 – XXXX
Summary
Your Turn

Nautilus Book 1

• Page 359
• Ex 1, Q 1+2
• Ex 1*, Q1
Tell me either:

a FACT you LEARNED today

a SKILL you IMPROVED IN today

an IDEA or MOMENT you APPRECIATED

today