Numerical

Ability
Number
System
 Topics
Sub-Topics:
 Properties
 Divisibility rules
 Unit Digits
 Concepts of HCF and LCM
 Factorization
 Factorial based problems
Essence of the topic:
Numbers:
 A number is a basic component of mathematics. Numbers are
used for counting, measuring, keeping things in order,
indexing, etc. We have different types of numbers based on
their properties

 Numbers are broadly classified into two categories:

1) Real Numbers
2) Imaginary Numbers
Typs of Numbers:
a number
that is
expressed in
terms of the
square root
of a negative
number
 Points to remember:
Natural Numbers:
 Numbers which are used for counting the objects are called
natural
numbers. They are denoted by N.
 N = {1, 2, 3………………..}
 All positive integers are natural numbers.

Smallest Natural Number is 1 and Largest Natural Number is ∞
 0 ( zero ) is not a natural number .
 Note: Natural Numbers are also known as Counting Numbers
 Points to remember:
Whole numbers:
 When ‘zero’ is included in the natural numbers, they are
known as
whole numbers.
 They are denoted by W.
 W = {0, 1, 2, 3……………….∞}
 Smallest whole Number is 0 and Largest whole Number is ∞
 All the whole numbers are positive
 Points to remember:
Integers:
 All natural numbers and their negatives and 0 ( zero ) is called
integers.
 For example : -2, -1, 0 , 1, 2, .....
 Integers are represented by " Z "


 Points to remember:
Rational Numbers:
 A number in the form of fraction p/q where q is not equal
to zero is
called a rational number.
 For example 2/5, 1/2, 1/3...
 Every integer is a rational number.
 For example, -2 can be expressed as -2/1 and thus it is a
rational number"
 Points to remember:
Irrational Numbers:
 A number that cannot be written in the form of a fraction P/q
where q is not equal to zero is called an irrational number.
 For example √2, √3 .....
 All non-terminating, non-repeating decimals are irrational
numbers.
 The square root of any prime number is an irrational number
 Points to remember:
Real numbers: :
 Real numbers include both rational as well as irrational numbers.
 Positive or negative, large or small, whole numbers or decimal
numbers are all real numbers.
 E.g. 1, 13.79, -0.01, etc.
 Points to remember:
Imaginary numbers:
 An imaginary number is a complex number that can be written as
a real number multiplied by the imaginary unit ‘i’ which is defined
by its properly
 Points to remember:
Prime Numbers::
 Those numbers, which are divisible only by themselves and 1,
are called prime numbers.
 In other words, a number, which has only two factors, 1 and
itself, is called a prime number. e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, etc.
 Note: 2 is the only even prime number.
 There are 25 prime numbers up to 100. These are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13,
17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89 &
97. These should be learnt by heart.
 Points to remember:
Co-Prime Numbers:
 Two numbers are considered to be prime to each other if their HCF is
1.
 E.g. 5 and 24 are prime to each other. In other words, 5 and 24 are co-
prime.
 1 is the co-prime with every number.As every prime number
has only two factor 1 and the number itself.
 If a number ‘N’ is not divisible by any prime number less than,
then N is a prime number.
How to find a co-prime number
• 21,22
• 22,24
• 21,27
• 4,5
• 5,6
 Points to remember:
Composite Numbers:
 A number, other than 1, which is not a prime
number is called a composite number .
 E.g. 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15 ……….etc.
 Note: 1 is neither a prime number nor a composite
number.
 Why?: 1 has only one factor, which is itself. It doesn't satisfy the
definition of both prime and composite numbers, so it cannot be
a prime or composite number. So on this basis we can easily say
that “0” and “1” are neither prime nor composite
 Points to remember:
Even numbers & Odd numbers:
 The number which is divisible by 2 is called an even number.
 E.g. 2, 4, 6, 8…………….
 The number which is not divisible by 2 is called an odd number.
 E.g. 3, 5, 7, 9…………..
 Consecutive numbers: A series of numbers in which the succeeding
number is greater then the preceding number by 1 is called a series
of consecutive numbers.
 Points to remember:
Face value:
 It is the actual value of a digit. It remains definite and does not change with
the digit's place,
 e.g. in the numbers 435 and 454, the digit 5 has a face value of 5.

Place value:
 The place value of a digit depends on its place or position in the number.
 It is the product of its place and face value. Each place in a number has a value
of 10 times the place to its right

Unit digit: The unit digit is the ones place digit of a number.
To find face value and place value
• Example: Find the place value and face value of digits in 5689.
• Solution: Given the number is 5689.
• Face value of 9 is 9 and Place value of 9 is 9
• Face value of 8 is 8 and place value of 8 is 80 (Eighty)
• Face value of 6 is 6 and place value of 6 is 600 (Six hundred)
• Face value of 5 is 5 and place value of 5 is 5000 (Five thousand)
• Q.1: What is the difference between place value and the face value of
7 in 27650934?
• Q.2: What is the sum of place value and face value of 7 in 478?
• Q.3: What is the product of place value and face value of 5 in 756?
• Q.4: Find the sum of place value and face value of 8 in 182990.
• Q.5: Find the difference of place value and face value of 3 in 4563999
 Important Formulas:
 Sum of first n natural numbers=n (n+1)/fl
 Sum of square of first n natural numbers=n (n+1)
(fln+1)/6
 Sum of cube of first n natural numbers=(n (n+1)/fl)^fl
 Sum of first n even numbers=n (n+1)
 Sum of first n odd numbers=n^fl
Divisibility Rules:
 Divisibility Rules:
What is meant by divisibility rules?
 A divisibility test is an easy way to identify whether the given
number is divided by a fixed divisor without actually
performing the division process.

 If a number is completely divided by another number, then the

quotient should be a whole number and the remainder should
be zero.
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 2:
Rule: A number is divisible by 2 if its last digit or unit digit is 0
or divisible by 2.
Q1) which of the following numbers are completely divisible
by 2?
1) 150
2) 224
3) 436
4) 323
5) 251
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 3:
Rule: If the sum of the digits of the number is a multiple of 3,
then the number is divisible by 3

Q2) which of the following numbers are completely divisible

by 3?
(i) 2997
(ii) 29973
(iii) 28683
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 4:
Rule: If the last two digits of a Number is divisible by 4 or the number having
two or more zeros at the end, then the number is divisible by 4.
Q3) which of the following numbers are completely divisible by 4 ?
(i) 2512
(ii) 47200
(ii) 4300
(iii) 4256
(iv) 8462
(v) 59000
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 5:
Rule: Number having 0 or 5 at the end are divisible by 5.

Q4) which of the following numbers are completely divisible

by 5?
(i) 2351
(ii) 4720
(ii) 2585
(iii) 423
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 6:
Rule: When a number is divisible by both 3 and 2, then that particular
number is divisible by 6 also Example:

Q5) which of the following numbers are completely divisible by

6?
90,216,732,5154,7950
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 7: (difference)
Rule: A number is divisible by 7 when the difference between twice
the digit at units place and the number formed by the other digits is
either zero or a multiple of 7 e.g.343,105
Q6) which of the following numbers are completely divisible by 7?
(i) 672
(ii) 2975
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 8:
Rule: When the number made by last three digits of a number is
divisible by 8, then the number is also divisible by 8
Eg:6288,7896

Q7) which of the following numbers are completely divisible by 8?

(i) 766936
(ii) 6836968
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 9:
Rule: If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 9, then the
number itself is divisible by 9.
e.g. 998001,86076
Q8) which of the following numbers are completely divisible by
9?
(i) 30555
(ii) 10535
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 10:
Rule: If a number has 0 in the one’s place then it is divisible by 10.

Q9) which of the following numbers are completely divisible by

10?
(i) 3050
(ii) 1025
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 11:
Rule: If the difference of the sum of digits at odd position and sum
of digit at even position in a number is 0 or 11,then that number is
divisible by 11
e.g. 8679,10648,941919
Q10) which of the following numbers are completely divisible by
9?
(i) 217382
(ii) 102552
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 12:
Rule: A number that is divisible by both 3 and 4. then that number is
divisible by 12
E.g. 5472,107316
11) which of the following numbers are completely divisible by
9?
(i) 5864
(ii) 5248
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 13: (add)
 Rule: For any given number, to check if it is divisible by 13, we
have to add four times of the last digit of the number to the remaining
number and add repeat the process until you get a two-digit number.

 Now check if that two-digit number is divisible by 13 or not. If it is

divisible, then the given number is divisible by 13. eg:160725

Q12) which of the following numbers are completely divisible by 13?

(i)2795 (ii) 1248 (iii) 16328
13th table
• 1*13=13
• 2*13=26
• 3*13=39
• 4*13=52
• 5*13=65
• 6*13=78
• 7*13=91
• 8*13=104
• 9*13=117
• 10*13=130
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 14:
 R ule: Divisibility by 14: A number is divisible by 14, if it is divisible
by 2 as well as 7.
Eg. 1764,1245,896
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 15:
Rule: Divisibility by 15: A number is divisible by 15, if it is
divisible
by both 3 and 5.
Eg. 9780,1289430
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 16:
 Rule: Divisibility by 16: A number is divisible by 16, if the number
formed by the last 4 digits is divisible by 16.

 e.g., 7957536 is divisible by 16, since the number formed

by
the last four digits is 7536 which is divisible by 16
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 17: (subtract)
Rule: A number is divisible by 17 if you multiply the last digit by 5 and
subtract that from the rest. If that result is divisible by 17, then your
number is divisible by 17.

Q13) which of the following numbers are completely divisible by 17?

1)272
2) 2737
3) 4981
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 18:
Rule: A number divisible by 18 must also be divisible by 2 and 9
The converse is also true: a number divisible by 2 and 9 must also be
divisible by 18 So, test for divisibility 2 n 9
and
1. If the number is divisible by two, the
last digit of a number must be
even.
2. If the number is divisible by 9 ,the sum of all the digits of a
number must be a multiple of 9
3. Eg.2268,13068,17028
.
 Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 19: (add)
Rule: To determine if a number is divisible by 19, take the last digit and
multiply it by 2. Then add that to the rest of the number. If the result is
divisible by 19, then the number is divisible by 19.

For example, 475 is divisible by 19 because 47 + (5 x 2) = 57, and 57 is

divisible by 19.

However, 575 is not divisible by 19 because 57 + (5 x 2) = 67, and 67 is

not divisible by 19
 Practice time :
1)If the number 97215*6 is completely divisible by 11, then the smallest whole
number in place of * will be:
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (D) 5

2)If the number 517*324 is completely divisible by 3, then the smallest whole number
in the place of * will be ?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

3)If the number 481*673 is completely divisible by 9, then the smallest whole number
in the place of * will be ?
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 6 (D) 7

4)How many three digit numbers are divisible by 5 or 9?

(A) 260 (B) 280 (C) 200 (D) 180
Unit Digits:
 Unit Digits:
What is a Units digit?
Unit’s digit of a number is the digit in the one’s place of
the number

Example: Units digit of 20197 is

7
Units digit of 201 is 1
Unit Digits:
How to find unit digit?
1) Find the unit digit in the product of 652*368*96*474
2)936+972+221
3)2369+2434
4)93*46*26*13
3
5)7
4
6)8
4
7)91
8
8)1011
 Unit Digits:
If the given number is index form.
To identify the unit digit of a number with some power, we
must know about cyclicity
Example:

1) Find the unit digit in the product: (2)^3 x (5)^2

2) Find the unit digit in the product: (2567)^143 x (2513)^85

 Rule of Unit Digits:
Rule for 0, 1, 5, and 6:
 The integers that end in digits 0, 1, 5, and 6
have the same unit digit,
 e.g. 0,1,5,6 respectively, irrespective of the
positive integer exponent.
 0,1,5,6 has only one cyclicity
 REFER NOTES
 Rule of Unit Digits:
Example:
(i) Unit digit of (656)^115 is?
Unit digit = 6
(ii) Unit digit of (275)^116 is?
Unit digit = 5
(iii)Unit digit of (171)^256 is?
Unit digit = 1
(iv) Unit digit of
(1700)^25 is? Unit
digit = 0
 Rule of Unit Digits:
Rule for 4:
 The unit digit of 4^1= 4
 The unit digit of 4^2 = 16

 The unit digit of 4^3 = 64

 The unit digit of 4^4 = 256

 It shows if the power of 4 is even, the unit digit is 6,

and
 if the power is an odd number, the unit digit is 4.

 so the number 4 has 2 cyclicity

 Rule of Unit Digits:
Example:

(i) Unit digit of (254)^115 is?

Unit digit = 4

(ii) Unit digit of (254)^126

is?
Unit digit = 6
 Rule of Unit Digits:
Rule for 9:
 The unit digit of 9^1 = 9
 The unit digit of 9^2 = 81

 The unit digit of 9^3 = 729

 The unit digit of 9^4= 6561

 It shows if the power of 9 is even, the unit digit is

1,
 if the power is an odd number, the unit digit is 9

 so the number 9 has 2 cyclicity

 Rule of Unit Digits:
Example:

(i) Unit digit of (659)^115

is?
Unit digit = 9

(ii) Unit digit of (659)^118 is?

Unit digit = 1
 Rule of Unit Digits:
Rule for 2:
 The unit digit of 2^1 =2

 The unit digit of 2^2 =4

 The unit digit of 2^3 = 8

 The unit digit of 2^4 = 16

 The unit digit of 2^5 = 32

 The unit digit of 2^6 = 64

 The unit digit of 2^7 = 128

 The unit digit of 2^8 = 256

 It follows a pattern: 2,4,8,6, 2,4,8,6 and so on.

 So, the possible unit digit of 2 has 4 different numbers 2, 4, 8, and

6.
 Rule of Unit Digits:
Rule for 3:
Similarly:
3 1 =3
3 2 =9
3 3 = 27
3 4 = 81
3 5 = 243
3 6 =729
3 7 = 2187
3 8 = 6561
It follows a pattern: 3, 9, 7, 1, 3, 9, 7,1and so on.
So, the possible unit digit of 3 has 4 different numbers 3, 9, 7, and 1.
 Rule of Unit Digits:
Rule for 7:
Similarly:
71 =7
7 2 =49
7 3 = 343
7 4 = 2401
7 5 = 16807
7 6 =117649
7 7 = 823543
7 8 = 5764801
It follows a pattern: 7,9,3,1 and so on.
So, the possible unit digit of 7 has 4 different numbers 7,9,3, and
1.
 Rule of Unit Digits:
Rule for 8:
Similarly:
8 1 =8
8 2 =64
8 3 = 512
8 4 = 4096
It follows a pattern: 8,4,2,6 and so on.
So, the possible unit digit of 8 has 4 different numbers 8,4,2, and 6.
 Rule of Unit
Digits:
Recap:
Practice time:
Practice time:
Practice time:
Practice time:
Practice time:
Practice time:
LCM and HCF:
Definition LCM:
1)Least Common Multiple is a number which is multiple of
two or more than two numbers.

2)The least common multiple (LCM) of 2 numbers is

the smallest number that they both divide evenly into.

3)
LCM and HCF:
Methods to calculate LCM:
1)
LCM and HCF:
Methods to calculate LCM:
2)
LCM and HCF:
Definition HCF:
1)HCF – The H.C.F of two or more than two numbers is the
greatest numbers which divides each of them without any
remainder.
2)It also called Greatest Common Divisor (G.C.D.) or Greatest
Common Measure (G.C.M.)
LCM and HCF:
How to Find HCF?

There are multiple ways to find the highest common factor or

HCF of the given numbers. Irrespective of the method, the
answer to the HCF of the numbers would always be the same.
Here are 3 methods to calculate the HCF of two numbers:
1) HCF by listing factors method
2) HCF by prime factorization
3) HCF by division method
LCM and HCF:
Practice time:
Find the Highest Common Factor of e.g.2,8,10,12
e.g. 3,6,9,15 e.g. 7,9,13,15
1. 25, 35, 45
2. 15, 30, 90
3. 25, 30, 35, 40
4. 64, 80
5. 16, 27
6. 12, 15, 45
Practice time:
Find the Least Common Multiple of

1. 36, 44
2. 12, 24, 48
3. 6, 12, 18
4. 5, 45, 10
5. 8, 12, 15
6. 60, 100
7. 90, 80, 75
PRODUCT OF TWO NUMBERS:

• N1 * N2 = LCM * HCF
1. LCM and HCF of two numbers are 1260 and 63 respectively. If one
of the numbers is 315, find the other number.
2. LCM and HCF of two numbers are 1820 and 26 respectively. If one
of the numbers is 130, find the other number.
Practice time:
Practice time:
1. HCF of 8/21, 12/35, 32/7
2. HCF of 35/64, 75/112
3. LCM of 4/5, 5/6, 7/15
4. LCM of 1/5, 5/8, 1/3, 3/16
5. HCF of 8/9, 20/27
Answers
1. 4/105
2. 5/448
3. 140/1
4. 15/1
5. 4/27
PRACTICE:
1. Find the least number which when divided by 4, 9, 12 will leave a
remainder 3 in each case.
2. Find the least number which when divided by 4,6,8,12,16 will
leave a remainder 2 in each case.
3. Find the least number which when divided by 12, 15, 20 and 54
will leave a remainder 4 in each case.
PRACTICE:
1. Find the least number which when divided by 36, 48, 64 will leave
a remainder 25, 37, 53 respectively in each case.
2. Find the least number which when divided by 10, 9, 8 will leave a
remainder 9, 8, 7 respectively in each case.
Greatest 4 / 5 digit number
• Least 4 digit no:
• Greatest 4 digit no:
• Least 5 digit no:
• Greatest 5 digit no :
1. Find the greatest 4 digit number which when divided by 12,15,20
and 35 leaves no remainder ?
2. Find the greatest 4 digit number which when divided by 10,15,20
leaves no remainder ?
3. Find the greatest 5 digit number which when divided by 8,9 and 10
leaves 3 as a remainder in each case ?
BODMAS
:
● BODMAS rule defines the correct sequence in which
operations are to be performed in a given mathematical
expression to find its value. In BODMAS,
 B = Bracket,
 O = Order (Powers, Square Roots, etc.)
 D = Division
 M = Multiplication
 A = Addition
 S = Subtraction
BODMAS
:
This means, to simplify an expression, the following
order
must be followed.
 Do operations in Brackets first, strictly in the order (), {} and

[]
 Evaluate exponents (Powers, Roots, etc.)

 Perform division and multiplication, working from left

to right. Multiplication rank equally and done left to
right).
 Perform addition and subtraction, working from left to right.

(addition and subtraction rank equally and done left

Rule :
Square / Square Root / Cube Root
THANK YOU