1) The document discusses various types of crystal defects including stoichiometric defects like Schottky and Frenkel defects, impurity defects, and non-stoichiometric defects.
2) It also discusses the magnetic properties of solids including paramagnetism, diamagnetism, ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
3) The electrical properties of solids such as piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and semiconductors are briefly covered.
1) The document discusses various types of crystal defects including stoichiometric defects like Schottky and Frenkel defects, impurity defects, and non-stoichiometric defects.
2) It also discusses the magnetic properties of solids including paramagnetism, diamagnetism, ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
3) The electrical properties of solids such as piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and semiconductors are briefly covered.
1) The document discusses various types of crystal defects including stoichiometric defects like Schottky and Frenkel defects, impurity defects, and non-stoichiometric defects.
2) It also discusses the magnetic properties of solids including paramagnetism, diamagnetism, ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
3) The electrical properties of solids such as piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and semiconductors are briefly covered.
1) The document discusses various types of crystal defects including stoichiometric defects like Schottky and Frenkel defects, impurity defects, and non-stoichiometric defects.
2) It also discusses the magnetic properties of solids including paramagnetism, diamagnetism, ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
3) The electrical properties of solids such as piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and semiconductors are briefly covered.
Displacement of cations from Missing of equal number of lattice point to interstitial cations and anions position Pairs of holes formed & due to Does not affect the density of this the density of the crystal is the crystal decreased Found in ionic compound Found in Ionic compounds where larger difference in size with high coordination between the ions & with low number. coordination number Eg: NaCl, CsCl, KCl, AgBr Eg: ZnS, AgCl, AgI, AgBr Impurity Defects
n-Type Semiconductors p-Type semiconductors
When SrCl2 added to molten NaCl, some Na+ ions substituted by
Sr2+ & it increases the electrical conductivity. Non-Stoichiometric Defects
Metal Excess Metal Deficiency
(Formation of Colour In FeO some of the Fe2+ ios are missed Centres) and are compensated by Fe3+; Fe0.95O
Due to anion vacancy
(F-centres or Farbenzenter Excess cation @ interstitial centres) sites & also e- Heating of NaCl in Na vapour ZnO is white when cold and imparts yellow colour ; yellow when hot Heating of KCl in K vapour imparts violet colour Magnetic Properties of Solids • Every substance has some magnetic properties associated with it. • Its magnetic moment originates from two types of motions such as – (i) Orbital motion of the electrons around the nucleus – (ii) Spin of electrons arund their own axis Types of Magnetic Materials • On the basis of magnetic properties substances can be classified into five categories: • (i) Paramagnetic • (ii) Diamagnetic • (iii) Ferromagnetic • (iv) Antiferromagnetic & • (v) Ferrimagnetic Paramagnetism • Paramagnetic substances are weakly attracted by the magnetic field • They are magnetised in a magnetic field in the same direction • They losss their magnetism in the absence of magnetic field • Paramagnetism is due to the presence of one or more unpaired electrons • Ex: O2, Transition metal ions like Cu2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe3+ etc & metal oxides like CuO, VO2 etc Diamagnetism
• Diamagnetic substances are not attracted by
magnets and magnetic fields. They are weakly repeled by magnetic fields. • They are weakly magnetised in a magnetic field in opposite direction • They do not have any unpaired electrons • Ex: H2O, NaCl, C6H6, Zn, Cd, Cu+, TiO2 • A paramagnetic element has at least one unpaired electron and a diamagnetic element has no unpaired electrons. • Pairing of electrons in diamagnetic materials cancels their magnetic moment and they lose their magnetic character Ferromagnetism • Ferromagnetic substances are attracted very strongly by a magnetic field • Besides strong attractions, these substances can be permanently magnetised • Ex: CrO2, Fe, Co, Ni etc (used in audio & video tapes) • Ferromagnetism arises due to the spontaneous alignment of magnetic moments to form domains in the same direction Antiferromagnetism • Antiferromagnetism arises due to the spontaneous alignment of magnetic moments to form domain structure but their domains are oppositely oriented and cancel out each other’s magnetic moment • Ex: MnO, MnO2, Mn2O3, FeO, Fe2O3 Ferrimagnetism • In these substances there are unequal number of parallel and anti-parallel magnetic domains which leads to some resulting magnetic moment • Ex: Fe3O4, Ferrites like MgFe2O4 & ZnFe2O4 • The ferromagnetic, anti-ferromagnetic and ferromagnetic solids change into paramagnetic at a particular temperature. • For example Ferrimagnetic Fe3O4 on heating to 850 K becomes paramagnetic. This is due to alignment of spins in one direction on heating. • In these substances there are unequal number of parallel and anti-parallel magnetic domains which leads to some resulting magnetic moment • Ex: Fe3O4, Ferrites like MgFe2O4 & ZnFe2O4 • The ferromagnetic, anti-ferromagnetic and ferromagnetic solids change into paramagnetic at a particular temperature. • For example Ferrimagnetic Fe3O4 on heating to 850 K becomes paramagnetic. This is due to alignment of spins in one direction on heating. Electrical Properties of Solids • Some crystals with net dipole moment generate electricity on mechanical stress are called piezo electric materials Lead zirconium titanate, Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) etc • If the electricity is generated upon heat, such materials are termed as pyroelectric materials Eg. LiNbO3, BaNO3 etc • n-type & p-type semiconductors THANK YOU…
