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Lecture 2

This document provides an overview of digital electronics topics covered in a computer organization and design course, including: 1) Logic gates, flip flops, encoders, decoders, multiplexers, demultiplexers, and registers. 2) Combinational circuits like half adders, full adders, decoders, and encoders. 3) Register types including parallel load registers and shift registers in serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, and parallel-in parallel-out configurations.

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Goutham Uligonda
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67 views31 pages

Lecture 2

This document provides an overview of digital electronics topics covered in a computer organization and design course, including: 1) Logic gates, flip flops, encoders, decoders, multiplexers, demultiplexers, and registers. 2) Combinational circuits like half adders, full adders, decoders, and encoders. 3) Register types including parallel load registers and shift registers in serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, and parallel-in parallel-out configurations.

Uploaded by

Goutham Uligonda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

CSE211

Computer Organization and


Design

Lecture : 3 Tutorial: 1 Practical: 0 Credit: 4

1
Unit 1 : Basics of Digital Electronics

Introduction
Logic Gates
Flip Flops
Decoder
Encoder
Multiplexers
Demultiplexer
Registers

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Half Adder
• A combinational circuit that performs the arithmetic addition of two bits is
called a half-adder.
• Two input variables used.
• The output variables are Sum and Carry.
• The variable S represents the least significant bit of the sum.
• The C output is 0 unless both the inputs are 1.

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Half Adder

4
Full Adder
• A combinational circuit that performs the arithmetic addition of three bits
is called a full-adder.
• Two half-adders are needed to implement a full-adder.
• Three input variables used.
• The output variables are Sum and Carry.
• The variable S represents the least significant bit of the sum.
• The binary variable C gives the output carry.

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Full Adder

S=A⊕B⊕Cin

C=AB+ACin+BCin

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Decoder
• The combinational circuit that change the
binary information into 2N output lines is
known as Decoders.

used in code
conversions like binary
to decimal

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Encoder
• Uses of Encoders –
• Encoders are very common electronic circuits
used in all digital systems.
• Encoders are used to translate the decimal
values to the binary in order to perform the
binary functions such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, etc.

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Applications of multiplexer

• Data Routing
• Parallel to Serial Conversion
• Logic Function Generation

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A Demultiplexer, sometimes abbreviated DMUX is a circuit that has
one input and more than one output. It is used when a circuit wishes
to send a signal to one of many devices

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Difference between of Multiplexer and Demultiplexer :

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Register.
• A group of flip-flop is known as a Register.
• It increase the storage capacity in terms of
number of bits.
• 1 bit= 1 FF.
• n-bit register =n number of flip-flop and it is
capable of storing an n-bit word.

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Concept of Serial Load/ Parallel load

• Serial load means to load the flip-flop of a


register one bit at a time.
• Parallel load means to load all flip-flops of a
register at one time.

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• There are two common types of registers:
1. Parallel load Register
2. Shift Register.

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1. Parallel load Register
• parallel if all the bits of the register are loaded at
the same time using a common clock pulse.
• When a clock edge is applied to the register’s C
input, all four inputs are loaded in parallel.

• The transfer of data from the information inputs


or the outputs of the register is done at the same
time with all four bits in response to a clock
edge.
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When the load input is 1 , the
data in the four inputs are
transferred into the register with
the next positive transition of a
clock pulse

When the load input is 0, the


data inputs are inhibited and the D-
output of flip flop are connected to
their inputs.

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2. Shift Registers
• Used to implement arithmetic operations

• Within a register, data can transfer from one


flip-flop to another. Such register is called shift
register.

• each CLK PULSE shift register content by one


bit to the 'right' or 'left'.
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• Shift registers are basically of 4 types. These
are:
1. Serial In Serial Out (SISO)
2. Serial-In Parallel-Out (SIPO)
3. Parallel-In Serial-Out (PISO)
4. Parallel-In Parallel-Out (PIPO)

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Concept behind clocks in SISO
• i/p 1111 ->Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 (initially all 0 0 0 0)
• At Clk 1->1 0 0 0
• At Clk 2->1 1 0 0
• At Clk 3->1 1 1 0
• At Clk 4->1 1 1 1
• (it is  right shift of SISO)

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