INTERNET AND

WEB
BY-DEEPIKA YADAV
CLASS- XII COMMERCE
 INTRODUCTION

The internet has become the hub of
information, education, entertainment and
communication. It is the foundation for all the
communication related exchanges, hardly
anybody can escape the rule of internet.

Web is an important part of the internet. This
presentation shall take us on a journey of
exploring internet and web.
 NETWORK

A group of two or more similar things or people
interconneted with each other is called network.

Some of the examples are-

1. Computer network

2. Social network

3. Mobile network

4. Airlines, banks, hospitals network

A computer network is an interconnection among
two or more computers or computing devices.
 TYPES OF COMPUTER
NETWORKS

There are 4 types of networks in a computer which are-

1. Personal Area Network

2. Local Area Network

3. Metropolitan Area Network

4. Wide Area Network
 Personal Area Network

A personal area network is a computer network for
interconnecting electronic devices within an individual
person's workspace.

A wireless PAN is a network in which the connections
are wireless. For instance, bluetooth, wifi, irDA etc.

A wired PAN provides short connections between
peripherals. For example- USB, IEEE 1394
 Local Area Network

A local area network interconnects
computer within a limited area such as
residence, school, laboratory, university
campus or office buildings etc.

An ethernet is a set of rules that how
computers and other devices connect
with each other in a LAN.

The connectivity is done by means of
wires, ethernet cables, fibre optics or
wifi.
 Metropolitan Area Network

• A metropolitan area network is an extended form of LAN

which covers a larger area like a city or town but has
relatively less range in comparison to LAN. An example
of MAN is- Cable TV Network
• Sometimes many LAN are connected together to form
one MAN.
 Wide Area Network
• WAN connects many LANs or MANs which are spread
across a country or many nations or continents.
• It is used by multi-national corporations, educational or
government organisations.
• The internet is the largest WAN.
 Network Devices

Devices which help to communicate data through
different transmission media and to configure networks
with different functionality are called network devices.

Some of them are-

Modem

Hub

Switch

Repeater

Router

Gateway
 Modem

• Modem stands for Modulator Demodulator. It converts

digital signals into analog signals and vice-versa.
• A modem near to the source computer converts digital
into analog signals and vice-versa. The modem at
source is Modulator and at receiver it is known as
Demodulator.
• The working is shown in the diagram given below-
 Ethernet Card

• Ethernet Card acts as an interface

between computer and network. It
is a network adaptor used to set up
a wired network.
• It is a circuit board mounted on a
motherboard.
• It connects computer to network
through Network Interface Card.
• It has a MAC address which helps
in uniquely identifying the computer
on the network.
 Repeater

• A repeater is an analog
device that strengthens
the signals travelling over
a network.
• They help in regaining the
strength of weak signals
within a distance of 100
metres on a cable
network.
 Ethernet Hub

• An Ethernet Hub is a network

device used to connect
different devices through
wires.
• Data arriving on any of the
lines are sent out on all the
others.
• Its limitation is that that it
cannot accept data from two
devices at the same time.
 Switch

• A switch is a networking
device that plays a central
role in Local Area Network
which is used to connect
multiple computers or
communicating devices.
• It extracts destination
address from a data
packet and sends it to the
selected device excluding
corrupted signals.
 Router

• A router is a network device

that connects LAN to the
Internet. It receives data,
analyse it and transmit it to
other network.
• It is helpful in sending a large
data packet by repackaging it
into smaller packets and
sending it over a network.
• Routers are connected to
Internet Service Providers.
 Gateway

• Gateway is an entry and exit

point through which a data
needs to pass in over to use
routing paths.
• It keeps information about
host network and other
networks.
• At homes, it is Internet
Service Provider, in
computer it is a router.
 Networking Topologies

• Networking Topology means arrangement of

computers and other peripherals in a network.
• The common topologies are-
1. Mesh
2. Ring
3. Bus
4. Star
5. Tree
 Mesh Topology

• In this networking topology, each

communicating device is connected
with other device in a meshed way.
• It is able to handle large amount of
traffic.
• It does not cause any break in the
transmission of data.
• This topology is more secure than
others as each cable between two
nodes carry different data.
• It’s cabling cost is higher.
 Ring Topology

• In this topology, each node is connected to two other

nodes forming a ring.
• This ring is unidirectional, i.e. data moves either in
clockwise or anti-clockwise direction.
• It is less secure and less reliable.
 Bus Topology

• Data sent from a node are passed on to the bus and

hence are transmitted in both directions.
• It is cheaper and easy to maintain but it is less reliable
and less secure.
• In this, a single backbone wire called bus connects
nodes as shown in the figure given below-
 Star Topology

• In star topology, each node is connected to a central

node forming a star.
• It is very fast, effective and efficient.
• Disturbance in one node does not affect other but
disturbance in central node affects the path.
 Tree or Hybrid Topology

It is a hierarchical topology, in which there is a

branch which is divided into many sub-branches
which have one or more than one topology.
 Internet

• Internet is the interconnected network of small

networks across the world.
• Internet is ubiquitous, i.e. omnipresent.
• It is used in online gaming, chats, reservations, billing,
payments, shopping, auction, bidding etc.
• Its application discussed in this presentation are-
1. World Wide Web
2. Electronic Mail
3. Chats
4. Voice Over Internet Protocol
 World Wide Web
• WWW or World Wide Web is an ocean of
information, stored in the form of trillions of web
pages and web resources.
• It was invented by Sir Tim Berners Lee in 1990.
• The three fundamental technologies of WWW
are-

1. HTML or Hyper Text Markup Language- It is used

to design standardised web pages.

2. URL or Uniform Resources Identifier- It is an

unique identifier used to identify a resource
located on web.

3. HTTP/ HTTPS- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

Service is a set of rules which is used to retrieve
linked web pages.
 Electronic Mail
• Email or Electronic Mail is a way to
send and receive message over
internet.
• Facilities provided by email are-
1. Sending Images, Audio and Video
along with text
2. Sending the copy of email as cc or bcc
3. Organising, Printing, Forwarding or
Filtering mails
4. Searching and setting signature.
• The common examples are- Gmail,
Outlook, Yahoo, AquaMail etc.
 Chats
• Chatting or Instant Messaging
over the internet means
communicating to people in real
time through messages.
• People can send audio, textual
as well as visual messages to
anyone.
• Some of the IM apps are-
WhatsApp, Facebook
Messenger, Google Hangout,
Slack, Skype etc.
 Voice Over Internet Protocol
• VoIP or Voice Over
Internet Protocol allows
people to have call over
internet.
• They are economical
and portable.
• Its speed depends on
internet connection only.
• Few examples are-
WhatsApp, Google
Meet, Mobile VoIP, Viber
etc.
 Website

• A website is a collection of webpages related through

hyperlinks, and saved on a server which contains
information about an organisation.
• A website can be accessed through URL
• For example, NCERT website can be accessed through
its URL- https://www.ncert.nic.in
• A website’s purpose is to make versatile information
available to people at large.
 Web Page
• It is a document on WWW that is viewed in a web browser.
• It is a part of website.
• A webpage structure is created using HTML and CSS
language.
• It’s script is written using JavaScript, Python or PHP

• Static Webpage- It’s content always remains static.

Ex- Blogging Pages

• Dynamic Webpage- It’s content keeps on changing.

Ex- E-commerce websites
 Hosting of Website
• Web Server- A specialised program that understands
URL coming as request from web browsers, and responds
to those requests.
• Web Hosting is a service that allows us to put a website or
web page onto the Internet.
• To host a website-
1. Select a web hosting service provider, identify a domain
name and get it registered.
2. Create logins with appropriate rights and write down IP
address.
3. Upload the file and get domain name mapped.
 Web Browsers

• A browser is a software application

that help us to view webpages.
• Mosaic was the first web browser to
be developed.
• Examples- Google Chrome, Opera
Mini, Safari, Mozilla Firefox,
DuckDuckGo, MS Internet Explorer,
UC Browser etc.
• Browser Settings- Settings in a web
browser refers to changing the pre-
defined properties.
Add-Ones, Plug-Ins and Cookies

• Add-Ones - It is used to add only a particular functionality

to the browser.
• Ex- Adding the functionality of Sound and Graphic Cards

• Plug-Ins – It is a third party program that is used to add

multiple functions to the browser.
• Ex- Flash and Java
Thank You