Lecture 1 Introduction

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ICH 2221: Materials Science

Brief Course Description:

 This course is concerned with an understanding of the properties and


behaviour of materials and how they relate to their internal structure.

 The internal structure of materials basically involves atoms. The way


the atoms are associated with their neighbours in crystals or molecules
explains how materials behave and why they differ in properties.

 Understanding this behaviour allows proper selection and design of


materials and provides a knowledge base for engineering application of
the various materials. Examples of commonly used materials for
industrial and chemical plant construction are discussed in detail.
Course Objectives
This course is intended:

 To give students a background to the subject of materials science.

 To enable students understand the origin of the different properties of


materials that determine their applicability.

 To equip students with the criteria for selecting materials for a given purpose.

 To enable students understand the limits of materials applicability and the


change of their properties with use.
Detailed Course Outline
1. Introduction to materials science
 An introduction to the concept of materials science, materials definition and the
importance of subject.

2. Classification of materials using properties


 Metals
 Semi-conductors
 Ceramics and Glass
 Polymers
 Advanced and modern materials
3. Structure, properties and processing
 Internal structure of materials
 Processing
 Service behaviour
 Crystallinity
 Imperfections in crystals.

4. Mechanical behaviour of materials


 Concept of stress and strain
 Stress strain behaviour (elastic and plastic deformation)
 Anelasticity
 Tensile properties
 Compressive, shear and Torsional behaviour
 Elastic recovery
 Variability of material properties.
5. Ferrous and Non ferrous metals and alloys.
 Steel and alloy steels
 Copper and copper alloys
 Aluminium and Aluminium alloys
 Other metals and alloys

6. Non-metallic materials
 Ceramics and glass
 Polymers
 Wood

7. Thermal treatment of materials


 Glass tempering
 Annealing
8. Criteria for material selection for application
 Consideration of material attributes in relation to particular
application.

Mode of Delivery: Lecture, assignments and tests.

Assessment: Assignments, tests (30%), and Examination (70%)

Reference Book:

W. D. Callister & D. G. Rethwisch, Materials Science and Engineering:


An Introduction (John Wiley 2010, 8th edition).
1. Introduction
 Materials science, also known as materials science and engineering, is an
interdisciplinary field which deals with the investigation of the relationship
between processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials.

 It is a relatively new scientific field involving studying materials through the


materials paradigm (synthesis, structure, properties and performance).

 It incorporates elements of physics and chemistry, and is at the forefront of


nano science and nanotechnology research.

 In recent years, materials science has become more widely known as a


specific field of science and engineering.
Materials
 A material is defined as a substance that is intended to be used for
certain applications.

 There are many materials around us—they can be found in anything


from buildings to spacecrafts.

 Materials can generally be divided into two classes: crystalline and


non-crystalline.

 Crystalline materials have highly defined and repeatable arrangements


of molecular chains. These materials tend to have sharp melting
points.
Crystalline structure- consistent and orderly Non crystalline structure- Inconsistent particle
particle arrangement. arrangement.

 The traditional examples of materials are metals, ceramics and polymers. New and
advanced materials that are being developed include semiconductors, nanomaterials,
biomaterials etc.
Historical Perspective
 In the Stone Age, people used only natural materials like stone, clay, skins, and
wood.

 The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with introduction of Bronze in the
Far East.
 Bronze is an alloy (a metal made up of more than one element), copper + < 25%
of tin + other elements. Bronze: can be hammered or cast into a variety of
shapes, can be made harder by alloying.

 The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues today. Use of iron and
steel, a stronger and cheaper material drastically changed the daily life of a
common person.

 The next big step was the discovery of a cheap process to make steel around
1850, which enabled the railroads and the building of the modern infrastructure
of the industrial world.
 Age of Advanced materials: throughout the Iron Age many new
types of materials have been introduced (ceramic,
semiconductors, polymers, composites…).

 A better understanding of structure-composition properties


relations has lead to a remarkable progress in properties of
materials.
Why Study Materials Science and Engineering?

 To be able to select a material for a given use based on


considerations of cost and performance.
 To understand the limits of materials and the change of their
properties with use.
 To be able to create a new material that will have some desirable
properties.
Classification of Materials
 Materials can be classified according to structure, or
properties, or use.
 The following materials have been classified according to
the way the atoms are bound together.

i. Metals:
In Metals, the valence electrons are detached from atoms,
and spread in an 'electron sea' that "glues" the ions together.
Metals are usually strong, conduct electricity and heat well
and are opaque to light (shiny if polished).
Examples: aluminium, steel, brass, gold.
Bonding in metals
ii. Semiconductors:
The bonding is covalent (electrons are shared between atoms). Their
electrical properties depend extremely strongly on minute proportions of
contaminants. They are opaque to visible light but transparent to the
infrared. Examples: Si, Ge, Ga, As.

Covalent bonding in silicon


iii. Ceramics:
Atoms behave like either positive or negative ions, and are bound by
Coulomb forces.

 They are usually combinations of metals or semiconductors with


oxygen, nitrogen or carbon (oxides, nitrides, and carbides).

 They are hard, brittle, insulators. Examples: glass, porcelain.


iv. Polymers:
They are bound by covalent forces and also by weak van der Waals forces,
and usually based on C and H. They decompose at moderate temperatures
(100 – 400 C), and are lightweight. Examples: plastics rubber.

v. Composites:
Composites are made of different materials in intimate contact to achieve
specific properties. Examples: fibre-glass, concrete, etc.).

vi. Biomaterials
These can be any type of material that is biocompatible and are used for
instance, to replace human body parts.
vii. Advanced Materials:
Are materials used in "High-Tec" applications, usually designed for
maximum performance and normally expensive.

 Examples are titanium alloys for supersonic airplanes, magnetic alloys for
computer disks, special ceramics for the heat shield of the space shuttles,
etc.
Modern Material's Needs
 Engine efficiency increases at high temperatures: This requires high temperature
withstanding materials.

 Use of nuclear energy requires solving problems with residues, or advances in nuclear
waste processing.

 Hypersonic flight requires materials that are light, strong and resistant to high
temperatures.

 Optical communications require optical fibres that absorb light negligibly.

 Civil construction requires materials for unbreakable windows.

 Structures require materials that are strong like metals and resist corrosion like
plastics.
Next lecture to look at: Structure, properties and processing
of Materials.

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