Chapter 2:

Types of Sequence:

In our daily life, we often come across many things

which follow a definite pattern or sequence.
Arithmetic Progression is one such pattern.

Celebration of people's birthdays

Mathematics is so intricately
weaved in our lives that we seldom
realize it. The number of candles
you blow on your birthday
increases with arithmetic sequence
every year!
Types of Sequence:
Stacking cups
When you are stacking the cups or building a house of
cards, you are actually doing that in an arithmetic
sequence
Types of Sequence:

An arithmetic sequence (sometimes called arithmetic

progression) is a sequence of numbers in which the
difference d between consecutive terms is always
constant.

An arithmetic sequence has a common difference d

between consecutive terms.

The same number is added or subtracted to every term, to

produce the next one.
Types of Sequence:
Types of Sequence:

Arithmetic Sequence

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, .....

2 2 2 2
d = a2 – a1 d = a 3 – a2
d=3–1 d=5–3
d= 2 d= 2
Types of Sequence:

Arithmetic Sequence

1, ³̸₂, 2, ⁵̷₂, 3, ....

½ ½ ½ ½
d = a2 – a1 d = a3 – a2
d = ³̸₂ – 1 d = 2 – ³̸₂
d= ½ d=½
Types of Sequence:
Determine whether the
given sequence is
arithmetic or not.
Determine the common
difference
5 , 8 , 11 , 14 , …..
5 , 8 , 11 , 14 , …..

YES , the common

difference is 3
7 , 2 , - 3 , - 8 , …..
7,2,-3,-8,…
YES , the common
difference is - 5
1 , 4 , 16 , 25 , …..
1 , 4 , 16 , 25 , …..
NOT , there is no
common difference
4 , 10 , 16 , 22 , …
4 , 10 , 16 , 22 , …
YES , the common
difference is 6
3 , -6 , 12 , -24 , …
3 , -6 , 12 , -24 , …
NO , there is no
common difference
½ , 1 , 1 ½ , 2 , …..
½,1,1½,2,…
YES , the common
difference is ½
0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 …
0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 …
NO, there is common
difference
15 , 9 , 3 , -3 , -9…
15 , 9 , 3 , -3 , -9…
YES , the common
difference is -6
1 ,-4 , 16 , -64,…
1 ,-4 , 16 , -64,…
NO, there is common
difference
 ARITHMETIC
SEQUENCE
Finding the missing terms
Find the common
difference and determine
the missing terms.
4,11,18,__,__,__,__
 d=7
4,11,18,25,32,39,46
-5,__,1, 4, 7,__,__
 d=3
-5,-2,1, 4, 7,10,13
13, 7, __, -5, __, __
 d=-6
13, 7, 1, -5,-11,-17
__,__, 7, 3, -1,__, __
 d=-4
15,11, 7, 3, -1, -5, -9
__,12,19,__,__,40
 d=7
5, 12, 19, 26, 33, 40
__, ¼ , 1, 1¾,__,__
 d = 3/4
-½ , ¼ , 1, 1¾, 2½, 3¼
Types of Sequence:

RULE:
The nᵗʰ term of an arithmetic
sequence whose 1ˢᵗ term is a₁ and
whose common difference is d is :

an = a1 + (n-1) d
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE

Finding the an ,
a1 , n and d
 a = a + (n – 1) d
n 1

an last term
a1 first term
n number of terms
d common difference
Types of Sequence:

Find the 10th term of the sequence

8, 3, -2, -7, .....

d = a2 – a1 an = a1 + (n-1) d
d=3–8 a10 = 8 + (10-1) (-5)
d = -5 a10 = 8 + (9) (-5)
a10 = 8 + (-45)
a10 = -37
5, 10, 15, 20……
Find the 18 term
th
5, 10, 15, 20……
Find the 18 term
th

𝑎 𝑛= 90
 2, 4, 6, 8……
Find the 14 term
th
 2, 4, 6, 8……
Find the 14 term
th

28
3, 9, 15, 21……
Find the 42 term
nd
 3, 9, 15, 21……
Find the 42 term
nd

249
 7, 3, -1 , ….
Find the 15 term
th
 7, 3, -1 , ….
Find the 15 term
th

49
 -2, 3, 8, 13 ….
Find the 27 term
th
 -2, 3, 8, 13 ….
Find the 27 term
th

128
16, 9, 2, -5 ….
Find the 31 term
st
 16, 9, 2, -5 ….
Find the 31 term
st

-194
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE

Finding the an ,
a1 , n and d
 a = a + (n – 1) d
n 1

an last term
a1 first term
n number of terms
d common difference
If the first term (a1)
is missing
a = a – (n – 1) d
1 n
Types of Sequence:
In an arithmetic sequence, the 26th term
is 81 and the common difference is 3,
Find the first term.
a1 = an - (n-1) d
a1 = 81 - (26-1)(3)
a1 = 81 - (25)(3)
a1 = 81 - 75
Types of Sequence:
In arithmetic sequence, and d = - 6,
Find the first term?

a1 = an - (n-1) d
a1 = -45 - (18-1)(-6)
a1 = -45 - (17)(-6)
a1 = -45 – (-102)
In arithmetic sequence,
and d = 4, Find the first
term?
In arithmetic sequence,
and d = 4, Find the first
term?
= -133
In arithmetic sequence,
and d = -3, Find the first
term?
In arithmetic sequence,
and d = -3, Find the first
term?
= 213
If the n is missing
n
Types of Sequence:
If = 4 and d = 5, how many terms are
there if the last term is 69?
n

n
n
Types of Sequence:
If = 9 and d = -4, how many terms are
there if the last term is -139 ?
n

n
n
 How many terms are
there in arithmetic sequence
whose -8, 64 and d = 6 ?
 How many terms are
there in arithmetic sequence
whose -8, 64 and d = 6 ?
n
 How many terms are
there in arithmetic sequence
whose 6, 139 and d = 7 ?
 How many terms are
there in arithmetic sequence
whose 6, 139 and d = 7 ?
n
If the d is missing
d
Types of Sequence:
The first of arithmetic sequence is -2 and
the 17th term is 78, find the common
difference. d

d
Types of Sequence:
The first of arithmetic sequence is 29
and the 26th term is -196, find the
common difference.
d

d
is 135 and is –9, what is
the common difference ?
is 135 and is –9, what is
the common difference ?

d
is 3 and is 117, what is
the common difference ?
is 3 and is 117, what is
the common difference ?

d
Types of Sequence:
Find the first 5 terms of the sequence
given a1 = 10 and d = -3
a1 = 10
a2 = 10 + (2-1)-3 = 7
a3 = 10 + (3-1)-3 = 4
a4 = 10 + (4-1)-3 = 1
a5 = 10 + (5-1)-3 = -2

10, 7, 4, 1, -2
Types of Sequence:

ARITHMETIC MEANS
The terms between
two given terms in an arithmetic
sequence.

2, 4, 6
2, 4, 6, 8, 10
Types of Sequence:

Insert three arithmetic means between

3 and 11.
an = a1 + (n-1) d
3, _, _, _, 11 a5 = 3 + (5-1) d
a1 a5 11 = 3 + (4) d
11-3 = 4d
8 = 4d
2=d
3, 5, 7, 9, 11
Types of Sequence:
Find the missing terms in the arithmetic
sequence x+y, 2x, 3x-y, ___, ___, ___, 7x-5y.

a4 = (3x-y)+(x-y)
d = a2 - a1
a4 = 4x-2y
d = 2x-(x+y)
a5 = (4x-2y)+(x-y)
d = 2x-x-y
a5 = 5x-3y
d = x-y
a6 = (5x-3y)+(x-y)
a6 = 6x-4y
Types of Sequence:
How many even numbers are there between
10 and 100? Ans:______
10, 12, 14,…. 100 an = a1 + (n-1) d
a1 an 100 = 10 + (n-1) 2
100 = 10 + 2n-2
d = a2 - a1 100 = 2n + 8
100-8 = 2n
d = 12-10
92 = 2n
d=2 46 = n
Types of Sequence:

ARITHMETIC SERIES
The sum of the first n terms of a
given arithmetic sequence.

Rule:

Sn = (a1+an) Sn = ( 2a1+(n-1) d)
Types of Sequence:
Find the sum of the first 10 natural numbers.

1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10

Sn = (a1+an) 1+10=11
S10 = (1+10) 2+9=11
3+8=11
S10 = 5(11)
4+7=11
S10 = 55 5+6=11
Types of Sequence:

Find the sum of the first 100 natural

numbers.

1+2+3+4+………………+97+98+99+100
Sn = (a1+an)
S100 = (1+100)
S100 = 50(101)
S100 = 5050
Types of Sequence:
Find the sum of the first 20 terms of the
arithmetic series 4 + 10 + 16 + 22 + ......

d = a2 - a 1 Sn = {2a1+(n-1) d}
S20 = {2(4)+(20-1) 6}
d = 10-4 S20 = 10 {8 + (19) 6}
d=6 S20 = 10 (8 + 114)
S20 = 10 (122)
S20 = 1220
Types of Sequence:

Given a3=8 and a16=47, find d, a1

a14 = a1 + (n-1) d
Let a3= a1
a16= a14 47 = 8 + (14-1) d
47 = 8 + (13) d
47 = 8 + 13d
47- 8 = 13d
39 =13d
3=d
Types of Sequence:
Given a3=8 and a16=47, find d, a1

at d= 3 an = a1 + (n-1) d
8 = a1 + (3-1) 3
8 = a1 + (2) 3
8 = a1 + 6
8- 6 = a1
2 = a1
2, 5, 8,…………., 47
Types of Sequence:
GEOMETRIC
Types of Sequence:
Geometric Progression is another pattern.

Real-life Problem
If you have 2 parents, 4
grandparents, 8 great-
grandparents, and so forth,
how many ancestors will you
have up to the eight
generation?
Types of Sequence:

How do plumerias grow new

branches?
Image result for the growth of
the branches kalachuchi.
Prime time for plumeria
pruning is in spring, before
new blooms emerge. This is
the best way to encourage
plumeria branching, as two
new branches will emerge
from each cut.
Types of Sequence:

A geometric progression, also known as a geometric

sequence, is an ordered list of numbers in which
each term after the first is found by multiplying the
previous one by a fixed non-zero number called the
common ratio r

We cab observe these in population growth, interest

rates, and even in physics.
Types of Sequence:

In a Geometric Sequence each term is found

by multiplying the previous term by a constant.
Types of Sequence:

{8, 16, 32, 64, 128, …..}

is a geometric sequence where each term is 2

times the previous term.
Types of Sequence:
Geometric Sequence:

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, .....
Types of Sequence:

RULE:
The nᵗʰ term of a geometric
sequence whose 1ˢᵗ term is a₁ and
whose common ratio is r where
r ≠ 0 is
an = a1 · r n-1
Types of Sequence:

Find the 10th term of the geometric sequence

3, 9, 27, 81, ....

an = a1 · rn-1
r=
a10 = 3 · 3(10-1)
r=
a10 = 3 · 3(9)
r=
a10 = 3 · 19 683
a10 = 59 049
Types of Sequence:

Geometric Mean

The terms between two given terms

of a geometric sequence.

3, 6, 12, 24

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
Types of Sequence:

Insert three geometric means between 3

and 243.

3, _, _, _,243 an = a1 · rn-1
a1 a5
a5 = 3 · r(5-1)
r= 243 = 3· r(4)
3 3

81 = r4
3, 9, 27, 81, 243 3 4 = r4
3= r
Types of Sequence:
In the geometric sequence -2, x, , what is the
value of x ?

-2, x, =
a1 a2 a 3 =
= -2 ()
=
r= r= =
X=
Types of Sequence:
Geometric Series
SUM OF THE FIRST n TERMS OF A GEOMETRIC
SEQUENCE
If a₁ is the first term, an is the last term, and r is the
common ratio of a geometric sequence, then the
sum Sn of the first n terms of the sequence is given
by
= =

where r ≠ 1
Types of Sequence:
Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the
geometric series 5, 15, 45, 135, .....
5 + 15 + 45 + 135 +.....+ a10
=
r= =
=
=
r= =
r= =
Types of Sequence:
Find the sum of a geometric series whose a1 = 3, an = 46
875 and r = 5 .
=
=
=
=
=
Types of Sequence:
Infinite Geometric Series
SUM OF AN INFINITE GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
An infinite geometric sequence with a₁ , as the first
term and r as the common ratio has a sum S∞ given
by
S∞ =

if │r│<1, that is -1< r <1

Types of Sequence:

Find the sum of infinite geometric series

1, , , ,........

S∞ =
S∞ =

S∞ =

S∞ =
Types of Sequence:

Find the sum of infinite geometric series

1, , , ,........

1+ + + +........ = 2

1+ + + + + + + + +.......

1 + 1 = 2
Types of Sequence:
Find the common ratio of the infinite geometric
sequence whose sum is and whose first term
is 0.01.

S∞ =
=
=
=
=
0.95 = r
Types of Sequence:

COMPARISON
Arithmetic Sequence Geometric Sequence
1. with common difference 1. with common ratio
2. adding a constant called 2. multiplying a constant
common difference called common ratio
3. to get the common 3. to get the common ratio,
difference, subtract divide the second term to
the second term to the the first term
first term
ACTIVITIES:

1. Find the missing terms in this arithmetic sequence:

-3, ___, ___, ___, ___, ___, 12
2. An arithmetic sequence has a 10th term of 17 and a
14th term of 30. Find the common difference.
3. The first, second, and the nth terms of an
arithmetic sequence are 2, 6, and 58 respectively,
find the value of n.
4. Find the sum of the first 100 odd numbers
5. How many terms of the arithmetic sequence
{1,3,5,7,…} will give a sum of 961?
ACTIVITIES:
1. A geometric sequence has first term 3 and common
ratio -2. Find the 10th term.
2. The second term of a geometric sequence is 6 and
the fourth term is 96. Find the possible values of
the first term and the common ratio.
3. Find x so that x + 6, x + 12 and x + 15 are
consecutive terms of a Geometric Progression.
4. In the geometric sequence 3, 6, 12, 24, ....... which
term equals 768 ?
5. Find the sum of 10 terms of the geometric
sequence : 1, 2, 4, 8, ........