Introduction to Operational

Amplifiers
Learning Outcomes
• Analyze differential amplifier circuit.
• Describe the basic operational amplifier characteristics and parameters.
• Describe and analyze the operation of OP – AMP circuits
• Inverting
• Non Inverting
• Integrator
• Differentiator
• Summer
• Describe and analyze the operation of negative feedback circuits
• Describe and analyze the open loop frequency response of OP – AMP
• Describe and analyze the closed loop frequency response of OP – AMP.
What is OP - AMP
• Main Characteristics
• High Gain due to differential
amplifier.
• High input impedance
• Low output impedance
• Applications • Parts of OP – AMP
• Amplifier • Non inverting input
• Oscillators • Inverting input
• Filter circuits • Output
• Instrumentation Circuits
Op – Amp Practical Applications
• Oscillator • Instrumentation Circuits

• Filters
Stages of OP - AMP
• Differential Amplifier
• Provides the amplification of the
difference between 2 inputs.
• Voltage Amplifier
• Usually Class A amplifier, used for
additional gain.
• Push-pull Amplifier
• Usually class B or class AB
amplifier for high gain and high
efficiency.
Differential Amplifier
• The function of differential
amplifier is to amplify the
difference of two signals.
• The need for differential
amplifier in many physical
measurements arises where
response from d.c to many
megahertz is required. It is also
the basic input stage of an
integrated amplifier.
DC Analysis of Differential Amplifier
Voltage gain of differential amplifier
• Single Ended

• Double Ended

• Common Mode
Mode of Operations
• Single Ended
• Input signal is connected to one
terminal and the other is
grounded.
• Double Ended
• Two different signals are
connected to both input terminals
• Common Mode
• Same input signals are applied to
both input terminals
Differential and Common Mode Operation
• OP – AMP greatly amplifies signals that are opposite at the two
inputs.
• While slightly amplifies signals that are common at the two inputs.
• It provides common mode rejection ratio defined by the
characteristics mentioned above.
OP – AMP BASICS
• Schematic diagram • Equivalent Circuit
• (a) practical model
• (b) ideal model
Basic OP – AMP Circuit Connection
• The basic OP AMP circuit shown
is a constant gain multiplier.
• Input signal is connected thru R1
at the inverting input.
• The output is fed back at the
inverting input thru feedback
resistor Rf.
• Non inverting input is connected
to the ground.
Basic OP – AMP Equivalent Circuit
• AC Equivalent circuit • Ideal model redrawn circuit

• Using Ideal OP -AMP Model

Gain of Basic OP - AMP
• By superposition theorem, solve • If Av>>>1 and AvR1>>>Rf
Vi1 and Vi2

• Total Vi
OP –AMP terms
• Unity Gain
• Rf = R1 ; Av = -1
• Constant Magnitude Gain
• Example if Rf = 10R1; Av = -1
• Virtual Ground
• Since OP –AMP is a very high gain
amplifier, the Vi is so small that it
is assumed to be 0V. Therefore
there is a “virtual ground” at the
inputs of the amplifier.
Practical OP – AMP Circuits
• Inverting Amplifier • Example
• If the circuit on the figure has
R1= 100 k ohms and Rf = 500 k
ohms, what output voltage
results for an input of V1 2 V?
Non Inverting Amplifier
• Example
• Calculate the output voltage of a
noninverting amplifier shown on
the figure for values of V1 = 2 V, Rf
= 500 k ohms, and R1 = 100 k
ohms.
Unity Amplifier
Summing Amplifier

• Example
• Calculate the output voltage of an op-
amp summing amplifier for the
following sets of voltages and resistors.
Use Rf 1 M ohms in all cases.
• (a) V1=1 V, V2=2 V, V3=3 V, R1 = 500 k
ohms, R2 = 1 M ohms, R3 = 1 M ohms.
• (b) V1=2 V, V2=3 V, V3=1 V, R1 =200 k
ohms, R2 = 500 k ohms, R3 =1 M ohms.
Integrator
 • For V1 = 1V
Example
• Calculate Vo for V1 = 1V. Draw
the corresponding waveform.
• If R is change to 100K
Differentiator
• -1/RC is the scale factor.
Op – Amp Specifications
• DC offset Parameters
• Ideally Op –amp has 0V output when input is 0 V.
• In practical cases, at 0V input the output can be 26 mV (for example).
• This is called Offset voltage.
• Output offset Voltage depends on
• Input offset voltage, Vio
• Offset current due to the difference between minus (-) and plus (+) input of
Op – amp.
Input Offset Voltage, Vio
• Example
• Calculate the output offset voltage
if the op – amp specs has Vio = 1.2
mV.
• Solution:
Output offset voltage Due to Offset Current
• This is due to transistor
mismatch.
• Slight difference in input current
can result to output offset
voltage.
• Offset current due to (+)
terminal. • Assuming Rc = R1

• Offset current due to (-) terminal

Total offset due to Input offset current (Iio)
and input offset voltage (Vio)
• Total offset voltage can be • Example: Calculate the total
expressed by: offset voltage for the given
circuit for the op – amp
specification Vio = 4 mV and Iio =
150 nA.
• Absolute magnitude is place
because the offset voltage may
be positive of negative.
Input Bias Current
• Another parameter related to • Example: Calculate the input bias
Input offset current is the Input current in each input of the op –
bias current. amp with a specification of input
offset current of 5nA and input
bias current of 30 nA.
OP –AMP Frequency Parameters
• An op – amp is a high gain, wide bandwidth amplifier.
• This makes the op – amp to be unstable oscillator.
• An internal circuitry is use to compensate unstable operation.
• Roll – off
• A reduction in open loop gain with increasing frequency.
• It occurs at - 20 dB/decade or - 6 dB/octave in most op – amp.
OP –AMP Frequency Parameters
• Gain Bandwidth
• Relationship of the gain vs
bandwidth since gain decreases
as frequency increases due to
the internal circuitry
compensation.
• Avd - differential gain (Very
large)
• B1 – unit bandwidth
(frequency(f1) which gain = 1).
• 3 dB gain – is where the cut off
frequency.
OP –AMP Frequency Parameters
• Slew Rate • If the change in signal exceeded
• Maximum rate at which the slew rate, the Op – amp may
amplifier output change in not response properly to the
volts/microseconds. change in input signal.
• It can cause signal distortion or
clipping.

• It is a measure of Op – amp’s
ability to response in varying
signal.
OP –AMP Frequency Parameters
• Maximum Signal Frequency
• The maximum frequency that an op-amp may operate at depends on both the bandwidth (BW) and slew rate
(SR) parameters of the op-amp.
• For a sinusoidal signal of general form

• Signal maximum rate of change = 2ℼfK V/s

• To prevent distortion max signal frequency must be less than the slew rate.
Example
• Determine the cutoff frequency • For an op-amp having a slew
of an op-amp having specified rate of SR = 2 V/us, what is the
values B1 = 1 MHz and Avd = maximum closed-loop voltage
200 V/mV. gain that can be used when the
input signal varies by 0.5 V in 10
us?
 • For a gain magnitude
Example
• For the signal and circuit below,
determine the maximum • The output voltage provides
frequency that may be used. Op-
amp slew rate is SR 0.5 V/us. • Maximum signal change is:
• Does distortion occurs?

• Since 300 x10^3 is less than

maximum signal change, no
distortion will occur.
Op – Amp Input Specification
• 741 IC • Specifications
Op – Amp Specifications
Op – Amp Specifications
• Absolute Maximum Ratings • Operating Characteristics

• Electrical Characteristics • Op – Amp Performance

Example
• Using the specifications listed in Table 14.2, calculate the typical output offset
voltage for the circuit connection of the figure below:
Offset voltage due to Vio

Offset voltage due to Iio

Total offset voltage

Example
• For the typical characteristics of the 741 op-amp (ro = 75 ohms , A = 200V/mV), calculate the
following values for the circuit of the previous slide
(a) ACL.
(b) Zi.
(c) Zo.
Example
• Calculate the maximum frequency of the input signal for the previous circuit with an input of Vi =
25 mV.

• Using figure below, determine the open-loop voltage gain for a supply voltage of Vcc = 12 V.
OP – AMP Parameters

• Differential Inputs
• Difference between the two
op – amp input.
• Common Inputs
• When two inputs are the
same, the average of the two
signals appears at the input of
Op – Amp.
OP – AMP Parameters
• The resulting output voltage is the sum of the differential input
common input multiplied by its respective gain.
• If the inputs are in ideal exact opposite, the output voltage is twice
the input signal.
Common Mode Rejection Ratio
• Ratio of differential gain to common mode gain
• Ability of the Op – Amp to reject same input signal
Example: Calculate the CMRR of the ff.
circuits
Solution
Output voltage in terms of CMRR
Activity 5
1. Determine the output voltage of an op-amp for input voltages of Vi1 = 200 V and Vi2 = 140 V.
The amplifier has a differential gain of Ad = 6000 and the value of CMRR is:
(a) 200.
(b) 105.
2. What is the output voltage of the following circuits?

a. b. V1 = -0.3V c. Rf = 68kilo ohms

Activity 5
3. Sketch the output waveform resulting

4. Calculate the output voltage for the following circuits

a. b.
Activity 5
5. For an op-amp having a slew rate of SR = 2.4 V/us, what is the maximum closed-loop voltage gain that can
be used when the input signal varies by 0.3 V in 10 us?
6. Calculate the input bias current at each input of an op-amp having specified values of Iio = 4 nA and Iib = 20
nA.
7. For the typical characteristics of the 741 op-amp, calculate the following values for the circuit of the figure
shown.
(a) ACL.
(b) Zi.
(c) Zo.
(d) Offset voltages