Computer Graphics: Week 4: Presentation By: Ms. Ifrah Mansoor
Computer Graphics: Week 4: Presentation By: Ms. Ifrah Mansoor
Week 4
Presentation By: Ms. Ifrah Mansoor
Topics to be covered
• Display Technologies
• Introduction to graphic system
• Video display devices
• Fresh CRTs Display
• Block Diagram and Working
• Random Scan Display
• Method to scan image
• Differentiate between random and raster scan with example
• Raster Scan Display
• Method to scan image, Basic Video Controller fresh operations, Digitizing, Pixel
intensity, Frame buffer, Raster Scan characters with examples.
• The brain of the PC Graphics System lie with the display adapter. This type of
graphics system is referred to as integrated graphics.
• The display adapter sports its own processor called the GPU for graphics processing
unit or VPU for visual processing unit.
Display Technologies
Introduction to Graphic System:
Display Technologies
Video Display Devices:
• The display device is an output device used to represent the
information in the form of images (visual form). Display systems are
mostly called a video monitor or Video display unit (VDU).
• Cathode-Ray Tube(CRT)
• Color CRT Monitor
• Liquid crystal display(LCD)
• Light Emitting Diode(LED)
• Direct View Storage Tubes(DVST)
• Plasma Display
• 3D Display
Video Display Devices:
CRT Monitor Displays color pictures by using a combination of phosphors that emit
different colored light.
• Resolution and Aspect Ratio : Operate at any resolution, geometry and aspect
ratio without the need for rescaling the image.
• Highest Resolutions : Run at the highest pixel resolutions generally available.
• Black-Level and Contrast : Produce a very dark black and the highest contrast
levels normally available.
• Color and Gray-Scale Accuracy: Produces the very best color and gray-scale
with an infinite number of intensity levels.
• Cost : Less expensive than other display technologies.
CRT Display : Disadvantages
• Sharpness
not as sharp as an LCD at its native resolution.
• Geometric Distortion
affected by magnetic fields from other equipment including other CRTs.
• Brightness
Not suitable for very brightly lit environments.
• Physical
They are large, heavy, and bulky and consume a lot of electricity and
produce a lot of heat.
•
Flat Panel Displays
The term flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume,
weight, and power requirements compared to a CRT. A significant feature of flat-panel
displays is that they are thinner than CRTs, and we can hang them on walls or wear
them on our wrists.
• Nonemissive displays (or nonemitters) use optical effects to convert sunlight or light
from some other source into graphics patterns. The most important example of a
nonemissive flat-panel display is a liquid-crystal device.
What is Refreshing/ Fresh CRT?
• The light emitted by the phosphor fades very rapidly. In order to
maintain the screen picture or to keep the phosphor is to redraw the
picture repeatedly by quickly directing the electron beam over the
same point.
• The most common method employed for maintaining phosphor glow is to redraw
the picture repeatedly by quickly directing the electron beam back over the same
screen points. This type of display is called a RefreshCRT, and the frequency at
which a picture is redrawn on the screen is referred to as the Refresh Rate.
CRT Monitor Technology
There are three technologies which are used to display graphics on the screen
using CRT.
1. DVST
2. Random Scan display
3. Raster Scan display
RASTER
SCAN DISPLAYS
1. Direct View Storage Tube (DVST)
• Computer or television displays have to be refreshed because they don't have the
capacity to hold a stable image.
• Electron guns in the cathode ray tube ( CRT ) constantly sweep across the screen,
redrawing the display.
1. Direct View Storage Tube (DVST)
• DVST resembles CRT as it uses electron gun to draw
picture and phosphor coated screen to display it.
• DVST does not use refresh buffer or frame buffer to
store picture definition.
• Picture definition is stored in inside CRT in form
positive charged distribution. Because of this reason
DVST is knows as Storage Type CRT.
• In DVST no refreshing is required as result picture
drawn on DVST will be seen for several minutes before
fading.
• Two electron guns primary gun and flood gun are used
• Primary gun stores the picture pattern and flood gun
maintains the picture display
DVST Vs Refresh CRT
* This is an effective
technique for avoiding flicker
3. Raster Scan Display
• In addition, the video controller often contains a lookup table, so that pixel
values in the frame buffer are used
• to access the lookup table instead of controlling the CRT beam intensity directly
• Picture definition is stored
in memory area called the
Refresh Buffer or Frame
Buffer.
• This memory area holds
the set of intensity values
for all the screen points
• Pixel intensity value is the
primary information
stored within pixels, it is
the most popular and
important feature used
for classification.
• Digitizing:
• A major task of the display processor is digitizing a picture definition given in
an application program into a set of pixel-intensity values for storage in the
frame buffer. This digitization process is called scan conversion.
• Lines and other geometric objects are converted into set of discrete intensity
points.
Digitizing
Digitizing Example
CPU vs GPU vs Video Controller vs Display
Processor
• The CPU is designed to handle a wide-range of tasks quickly (as measured by
CPU clock speed), but are limited in the concurrency of tasks that can be running.
• A GPU is designed to quickly render/generate high-resolution images and video
concurrently.
• Video controller/Display controller is a key hardware component that allows
computers to generate graphic information to any video display devices, such as a
monitor or projector.
• Display Processor is a part of computer graphics system which is used to convert
the code into pictures.
Difference b/w Raster and Random Scan
Implementation of a Pixel in OPENGL
#include <windows.h> // for MS Windows
#include <GL/glut.h> // GLUT, include glu.h and gl.h
void display() {
glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); // Set background color to black and opaque
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); // Clear the color buffer (background)
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluOrtho2D(0.0, 500.0, 500.0, 0.0);
glBegin(GL_POINTS);
glColor3f(1, 1, 1);
glVertex2i(100, 100);
glEnd();
glFlush(); // Render now
}
Implementation of a Pixel in OPENGL
/* Main function: GLUT runs as a console application starting at main() */