MODULE 2

ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

BEAMS USING COMBINED LOAD APPROACH
 Basic Assumptions
 Concrete is a homogenous elastic material

 Within the range of working stress, both concrete and steel behave elastically, not
withstanding the small amount of creep which occurs in both the materials under
sustained loading

 A plane section before bending is assumed to remain plane even after bending, which
implies a linear strain distribution across the depth of the member
 Analysis of Prestress
The following notations and sign conventions are used for the analysis of prestress:

P = prestressing force (positive when

producing direct compression)
e = eccentricity of prestressing force
M = Pe ; moment
A = cross – sectional area of the concrete member
I = second moment of area of section about its centroid Zt
and Zb = section modulus of the top and bottom fibers
 Analysis of Prestress
The following notations and sign conventions are used for the analysis of prestress:

ft and fb = prestress in concrete developed at the top and

bottom fibers (positive when compressive and negative when
tensile in nature)
yt and yb = distance of the top and bottom fibers from the
centroid of the section
r = radius of gyration
Concentric Tendon
Consider a concrete beam with a concentric tendon shown in the figure below.

𝑃
Uniform prestress in concrete = 𝐴, which is compressive across the depth of
the beam. Generally, the applied loads and the dead load of the beam induce tensile
stress towards the bottom and are counterbalanced more effectively by
eccentric tendons.
 Eccentric Tendon
The figure below shows a concrete beam subjected to an eccentric prestressing force
of magnitude P located at an eccentricity e. The stresses developed at the top and bottom
fibers of the beam are obtained by the relations:
𝑃
𝑃𝑒𝑐
𝑓𝑡 = − + 𝐼
𝐴
𝑃 𝑃𝑒𝑐
𝐼
𝑓𝑏 = − −
𝐴
Eccentric Tendon
 Resultant Stress at a Section
The concrete beam, supports uniformly distributed live and dead
loads of intensity “q” and “g”. The beam is prestressed by a straight
tendon carrying a prestressing force “P” at an eccentricity “e”. The
resultant stresses in concrete at any section are obtained by
superposing the effect of prestress and the flexural stresses developed
due to the loads. If Mq and Mg are the live load and dead load
moments at the central span section.
Resultant Stress at a Section
 Resultant Stress at a Section
The resultant stresses at the top and bottom fibers of concrete at any given section
are obtained as:

𝑃 𝑃𝑒 𝑀2 𝑀𝑞
𝑓 − + −
𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝐴 𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑡
− 𝑃 𝑃𝑒 𝑀2 + 𝑀𝑞
𝑓
𝑏𝑜𝑡 = − −
𝐴 𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑏 𝑍𝑏
+
Sample Problems to Analysis of
Prestressed Concrete Beams
using Combined Load Approach
 Practice Problem #1
A 500mm by 760mm concrete beam of 7.5m simple span is
loaded with a uniform load of 4470 kg/m including its own weight.
The center of gravity of the prestressing tendon is located 220mm
above the bottom of the beam and produces an effective prestress of
164,000 kg.
a. Calculate the stress due to DL and LL.
b. Compute the final top fiber stress in the concrete at the midspan
section.
c. Compute the final bottom fiber stress in the concrete at the
midspan section
 Practice Problem #1 - Solution
Given:
Compute for the Section Properties:
A. Area
A  500760
A  380x103 mm2
B. Centroid
 380mm
Ytop  Ybot
C. Moment of Inertia
500760
3
I NA  I NA  18, 290.667x106
12 mm4
 Practice Problem #1 - Solution
Given: Convert WDL+LL in kN/m:

kg  9.81  kN
w  4470 m x  43.851 m


1000 

A. Stresses duewLto
2 DL+LL

Solve the M8max:

M max
43.8517.52
 308.327kN.m
M max  8
 Practice Problem #1 - Solution

Given: A. Stresses due to DL+LL

Solving for the top fiber

stress:
f Mc
tDLLL 
I
ft DLLL  308.327106 3806
18, 290.667x10


ftDLLL 6.405 MPa

 Practice Problem #1 - Solution

Given: A. Stresses due to DL+LL

Solving for the bottom fiber

stress: Mc
f
bDLLL  

I
 380
308.327 106

fbDLLL 
18,290.667 x106
fb  6.405MPa
DLLL
 Practice Problem #1 - Solution
Given:
B. Stresses due to PS
Given:
Pe  164, 000kg

1608.84kN
e  380  220
 160mm
160 
M PS  1608.84
Solving for the  1000
Moment
M PS due to 
Prestressing
 254.414kN.m
M  P e
 Practice Problem #1 - Solution
Always
Given: B. Stresses due to PS Negative!!!!
Moment due to
Solving for the top fiber PS

stress:
f   P  Mc
tPS

A
1608.84 x103
ft PS  3
 254.414 x10 6
380
6

380x10 18, 290.667x10
I
ft  1.052MPa
PS
 Practice Problem #1 - Solution

Given: B. Stresses due to PS

Solving for the bottom fiber

stress:
f P Mc
bPS  
A
1608.84 x103
fbPS  3
 254.414 x106
3806 
380x10 18, 290.667x10
I
fbPS  9.519MPa
 Practice Problem #1 - Solution

Given: C. Solve for the Final

Stresses Final Top Fiber
ftop  ft
Stress:
 ft
DLLL PS

ftop  6.405  1.052 5.353MPa


 fbDLLL
Final Bottom FiberStress:
b PS
fbot
f 6.405  9.519 3.114 MPa
fbot 
 Practice Problem #1 - Solution
Given:
Final Stress
Diagram:
 Practice Problem #2

A rectangular concrete beam of cross-section 30cm deep and 20cm

wide is prestressed by means of 15 wires of 5mm diameter located
6.5cm from the bottom of the beam and 3 wires of diameter of
5mm,
2.5cm from the top. Assuming the effective prestress in the steel
as 840 N/sq.mm, calculate the stresses at the extreme fibers of the
mid-span section when the beam is supporting its own weight over a
span of 6m. If a uniformly distributed live load of 6 kN/m is
imposed, evaluate the maximum working stress in concrete. The
density of concrete is 24 kN/cu.m
 Practice Problem #2 - Solution

Given: Compute for the Section Properties:

A. Area
A  200300
A  60x103 mm2
B. Centroid
d
ytop  ybot  2  150mm

 e  840MPa kN C. Moment of Inertia

conc  24 3
200 300 
3
m
L  6m WLL  6 kN m I NA I NA  450x106 mm4
 12
Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given: A. Stresses due to DL
Solve for the self – weight of the
beam:

kNArea
WDL   conc  1m 
2

WDL  24 60x10 3 mm2 x 

3 1000mm
m

kN 

 e  840MPa kN WDL
 conc  24 3
m 1.44 m
L  6m WLL  6 kN m
 Practice Problem #2 - Solution

Given: A. Stresses due to DL

Solve for the M due to DL (At
Midspan):
Mmidspan  M max  M DL  8
wL2

MDL  1.44 6

2

 6.48kN  m
 e  840MPa  conc
kN
 24 3 M DL
m
L  6m WLL  6 kN m
 Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given: A. Stresses due to DL
Solve for the top fiber stress due to DL:
6.48x106 150
ft DL  
450x10 6
ft  2.16MPa
DL

Solve for the bottom fiber stress due to

DL:f  6.48x106 150
b

 e  840MPa kN  450x106
 conc
 24 3 DL
m fb  2.16MPa
L  6m WLL  6 kN m DL
 Practice Problem #2 - Solution

Given: B. Stresses due to LL

Solve for the M due to LL (At

Midspan):  w LLL2
Mmidspan  M max  M LL 8

MLL  662
8
 27kN  m
 e  840MPa kN M LL
 conc  24 3
m
L  6m WLL  6 kN m
 Practice Problem #2 - Solution

Given: B. Stresses due to LL

Solve for the top fiber stress due to

LL: 27x106 150
ft 
LL
450x10 6

ft  9MPa
LL

Solve for the bottom fiber stress due to

LL:
ft  27x10 150
6

 e  840MPa kN
 conc  24 3  450x106
m LL

L  6m WLL  6 kN m ft LL  9MPa
 Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given:
•C. Stresses due to PS
 For stress due to PS, we need to solve for the centroid of
the layers of tendons in the beam so that we can compute for
the eccentricity “e” that is utilized to calculate the stresses.
• Applying the Varignon’s Theorem:

A y‸  A y  A y  !  A y
T 1 1 2 2 n
n
Use the 15-5mm diameter layer as the
reference point:
 e  840MPa   2  2
conc kN
  24m3 AT  15x x5    3x x5
 4   4
L  6m WLL  6 kN m
AT  353.429mm2

 Practice Problem #2 - Solution

Given: C. Stresses due to PS

Solve for the location of the centroid of
the tendon layers in the beam:
 
353.429   15x 4 x5 2 x0   3x 4 x5 2 x210
 
y‸  35mm 

e  150  65  35
“e”
e  50mm
Solve for the moment due to PS:
 e  840MPa  conc  24
kN
m3  50 
L  6m M PS  P e M
PS
 296.88 
 1000
P   e APS  840353.429
1000 
M PS  14.844kN.m

P  296.88kN
 Practice Problem #2 - Solution

Given: C. Stresses due to PS

Solving for the top fiber
stress:
f P Mc
tPS  
A
296.88x103 14.844 x106
ft PS  3
 6
60x10 450x10
150
 I
ft 
 e  840MPa kN
 conc  24 3 0
m PS

L  6m WLL  6 kN m
 Practice Problem #2 - Solution

Given: C. Stresses due to PS

Solving for the bottom fiber
stress:
f P Mc
bPS  
A
296.88x103
fbPS  3
 14.844 x10 6
150
6
I 60x10 450x10
fb  9.896MPa
PS
 e  840MPa kN
 conc  24 3
m
L  6m WLL  6 kN m
 Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given: D. Final Stresses
Solving for the final top and bottom fiber
stress:
ftop  ft  ft  ft
DL LL
PS
ftop  2.16  9.00  0 11.16MPa
  f f f
b b b
fbot DL LL
PS
 e  840MPa kN
 conc  24 3 1.264 MPa
L  6m
m
WLL  6 kN m
fbot  2.16  9.00  9.896

 Practice Problem #2 - Solution
Given: D. Final Stresses
Final Stress
Diagram:

 e  840MPa kN
 conc  24 3
m
L  6m WLL  6 kN m
 Subtopic 2:

Analysis of Prestressed
Concrete Beams using
Combined Load Approach
Considering Losses
 Practice Problem #3

An unsymmetrical I-section beam is used to support an imposed load of

2kN/m over a span of 8m. The sectional details are top flange, 300mm wide
and 60mm thick; bottom flange, 100mm wide and 60mm thick;
thickness of the web = 80mm; overall depth of the beam = 400mm. At the
center of the span, the initial prestressing force is 125 kN is located at 50mm
from the soffit
of the beam. Use 24 kN/cu.m as unit weight of concrete. Prestress
Loss=20%. Estimate the stresses at the center of span section of the beam for
the following load conditions:
 Practice Problem #3

a) Prestress + self – weight + live A. Section Properties

load Solve for the Area:
A1 = (300)(60) =
18,000 mm2
A2 = (80)(280) =
22,400 mm2
A3 = (100)(60) =
6,000 mm2
AT = A1 + A2+ A3 =
46,400 mm2
Solve for the
Centroid of the
Section:
*Note: Set the bottom fiber as the reference
point.
46,400(yb) = 18,000(370)+22,400(200)+6,000(30)
yb = 243.966mm
 Practice Problem #3
A. Section Properties
a) Prestress + self – weight + live
load Solve for the eccentricity:
e = 243.966 – 50 = 193.966mm
Solve for the Moment of Inertia (w/r to the
INA  30060  18000156.034  30
3
N.A.) 2

12

 80280
3

 22400200  156.034
2
12

 10060
3

 6000243.966  30
2
12
INA  757.457x10 mm
6 4
Practice Problem #3
a) Prestress + self – weight + live B. Stress due to DL
load Solve for the WDL:
46400  kN
W DL  24  1.114
 10002 
Solve for themMDL:
1.114 8
2
 8.912kN  m
M DL  Mmidspan  M max  8
Solve for the top fiber stress:
Mc
ft DL     8.912x106 156.034
I 757.457x10 6
ft  1.836MPa
DL
Practice Problem #3
a) Prestress + self – weight + live B. Stress due to DL
load Solve for the bottom fiber stress:
Mc
fb DL     8.912x106 243.966
6 
I 757.457x10
fb 
2.870MPa
DL

C. Stress duethe
Solve for to M :
LL
LL
28
2

M LL  M max  Mmidspan  8
M L L  M max  Mmidspan  16kN  m
 Practice Problem #3
C. Stress due to LL
a) Prestress + self – weight + live
load Solve for the top fiber stress:
Mc
ft LL    16x106 156.0346 
I 757.457x10

ft  3.296MPa
LL

Solve for the bottom fiber stress:

Mc
fb LL    16x106 243.9666 
I

fb  757.457x10
5.153MPa
LL
Practice Problem #3
a) Prestress + self – weight + live D. Stress due to PS
load Solve for the MPS:
Given: Pe =
125(0.8) =  193.966 
M
100 kNPS  P e   100
 1000 
M P S  19.397kN  m

Solve for the top fiber stress:

f P Mc
tPS  
A
100x10 19.397x106 156.034
3
ft PS  
46, 757.457x10 6
 I400
ft  1.841MPa
PS
 Practice Problem #3
D. Stress due to PS
a) Prestress + self – weight + live
load Solve for the bottom fiber stress:
f P Mc
bPS  
A
100x103 19.397x106 243.966
fbPS 
I46, 400 757.457x10 6

fb  8.403MPa
PS

E. Resultant Stresses (DL+LL+PS)

Solve for the resultant top fiber stress:
ft  ft  ft  ft
DL LL PS

ft  1.836  3.296  1.841 3.291MPa


 Practice Problem #3
a) Prestress + self – weight + live E. Resultant Stresses (DL+LL+PS)
load Solve for the resultant bottom fiber stress:
fb  fbDL  fbLL  fb PS
fb  2.870  5.153  8.403 0.38MPa

F. Final Stress Diagrams
Practice Problem #4 – CE Board May 2012
The section of a double – tee joist is shown in the figure. The joist is simply
supported on a span of 8m and is pretensioned with one tendon in each stem with an initial
force of 750 kN each. The loss of prestress at service load is 18%. Service dead (including
beam weight) and live loads are 2.50 kPa and 6 kPa, respectively.
Practice Problem #4 – CE Board May 2012
a. What is the initial stress at the A. Initial Stress at the Bottom Fiber
bottom fibers of the DT at midspan P Mc
fb PS   
due to the prestressing force alone? A I

fb PS  2750x103   2750x103 298  756298

210, 1,
000 860x10
fbPS  60.735MPa
Practice Problem #4 – CE Board May 2012
b. What is the resultant stress at the B. Resultant Stress at the Bottom Fiber
bottom fibers of the DT at midspan due Solve for the Moment due to Service DL and
to the service loads and prestressing LL:
force? kN
w  2.50  62.40  20.4
m
20.4 8
2
wL2
M   163.2kN 
8 8 m
Solve for the Resultant Stress:
fb  fb  fb
DLLL PS

 163.2x106 298 
20.82x750x103   20.82x750x103 298 6 75298  
fb   1860x10 6   210, 000 1860x10
   
 
fb  23.655MPa 
Reference:

Raju, N. K. (2006). Prestressed concrete. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.

Esplana, D.F. (2014). Civil Engineering Review Manual. Esplana Publishing.