004 Number System
004 Number System
MS
B
ANSWER: (101101)2
• (79)10 to
• (30)10 ( ? )2
to
( ? )2
Multiply each bit of binary number by its place value i.e.
2n
Add the result.
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 0 32 0 8 4 0 1
ANSWER: (73)10
• ( 11110110) 2 to ( ? ) 10
• ( 101010110101) 2 to (?)
10
You can convert a decimal number to its octal form by using the
method of successive division by 8, the radix of the octal
number system.
Put the remainder to the right of quotient and repeat this
process till the quotient becomes ZERO.
Write down the remainders in reverse order to get
equivalent
octal number.
LS
D
MS
D
ANSWER: (135)8
• (173) 10 to
• ((243)
? ) 8 10 to ( ?
) 8
Multiply each bit of octal number by its place value i.e.
8n
Add the result
2 3 7
82 81 80
128 24
7
ANSWER: (159)10
You can convert a decimal number to its octal form by using the
method of successive division by 16, the radix of the
hexadecimal number system.
Put the remainder to the right of quotient and repeat this
process till the quotient becomes ZERO.
Write down the remainders in reverse order to get
equivalent
hexadecimal number.
LS
D
A=10
B=11, and so
on.
MS
..
D
ANSWER: (B2)16
• (233) 10 to ( ? )
• 16(7 9 ) 10 to
( ? ) 16
Multiply each bit of hexadecimal number by its place value
i.e. 16n
Add the result
A 2 B
162 161 160
2560 32 11
ANSWER: (2603)10
• As number of bits increases, there is a need arises of
grouping of bits.
• Octal number comprises of 3 bits i.e. 3 binary bits are used
to represent octal number.
OCTAL BINARY
0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
3 5 2
011 101 010
ANSWER: (011101010)2
• (237) 8 to
• ((206)
? ) 2 8 to ( ?
) 2
• It requires grouping of 3 bits from right hand side, if last
group not consists of 3 bit then add 0 to make it group of 3
bit
MAKE GROUP OF 3
BITS
3 2 6 6
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
8 B C 2
1000 1011 1100 0010
ANSWER: (1000101111000010)2
•(CAFE) 16 to
• ((78F9)
? ) 2 16 to ( ?
) 2
• It requires grouping of 4 bits from right hand side, if last
group not consists of 4 bit then add 0 to make it group of 4
bit
MAKE GROUP OF 4
BITS
6 B 6 6
Extra 0 is ANSWER:
padded to
make
it of 4 bits
(6B66)8
• ( 10101010101010101) 2 to ( ? )
• 16
( 110011110001101) 2 to ( ? )
16
• To perform binary addition, we have to follow the simple
rules like:
• 0+ 0= 0
• 0+ 1= 1
• 1 + 1 = 0 (and 1 carry to left)
• 1 + 1 + 1 = 1 ( and 1 carry to left )
ANSWER :
1100011
CARRY
ADDITIO
N
RESULT
ANSWER :
11110001
• Computer must understand the character entered by user, for
this purpose numeric code is assigned to each character used in
computer.
• For example
• A– assigned with code 65-90
Z assigned with code 97-
• a-z 122 assigned with code
• 0-9
• There 48-57 encoding scheme
are various
available
• ASCII
• ISCII
• UNICODE
• Stands for American Standard code for
information interchange.
• It is most widely used alphanumeric code for
microcomputers and minicomputers.
• It is 7-Bit code, so it can represent maximum of 27 = 128
code
i.e. 128 possible characters.
CHARACTERS DECIMAL CODE 7-BIT CODE
A 65 1000001
B 66 1000010 BASED ON
THESE VALUE
- - - WE CAN
Z 90 1011010 EASILY FIND
a 97 1100001 ITS OCTAL &
HEXADECIMAL
- - - REPRESENTATIO
z 122 1111010 N
ENTER KEY 13 0001101
$ 36 0100100
+ 43 0101011
- - -
• CONVERT THE FOLLOWING ASCII CODE INTTO ITS
ORIGINAL MESSAGE
• 1000101 1011000 1000001 1001101
• To convert the above message we first convert the above 7-
bit code into decimal value as –
• 1000101 = 69 (it is code of
‘E’)
• 1011000 = 88 (it is code of
‘X’)
• 1000001 = 65 (it is code of
• So the original message
‘A’) is
EXAM
• 1001101 = 77 (it is code of
‘M’)
• CONVERT THE FOLLOWING MESSAGE INTO ASCII CODE
• STEP 1
• To convert first find out the binary value (either from ASCII
table) or manually we find out the decimal code then convert it
in binary. For e.g. if ‘A’ is 65 then following the sequence we
can find S = 83, T = 84, E = 69, P = 80
• SPACE = 32, 1 = 49
• Now convert the decimal into binary:
• 83 = 1010011, 84 = 1010100, 69 = 1000101, 80 = 1010000
• 32 = 0100000, 49 = 0110001
• So, original message:
• 1010011 1010100 1000101 1010000 0100000 0110001
• Stands for Indian Standard Code for Information
Interchange
• ISCII we adopted in 1991, by Bureau by Indian Standards to
have common standard for Indian scripts.
• It is 8-bit encoding scheme and can represent 28 =256 chars.
• It retain first 128 for ASCII code
• ASCII is able to represent Indian language characters like :
Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Oriya, Bengali, Assamese, Gujarati,
etc.
• As we know ASCII and ISCII represent characters belonging to
different language by assigned unique code to each
characters.
• Need arises to have encoding scheme which can represent all
the known language around the world. The result is
UNICODE.
• It is the standard used worldwide now.
• Its variants are UTF-8, UTF-16, UTF-32
• Unicode 13.0 represent 143000 characters
• Supported by most OS, making it platform, vendor,
application independent
• Allows data to be transported between different system
without
distortion.
• It is variable length encoding scheme that can represent
each character in UNICODE character set.
• The code unit of UTF-8 is 8 bits i.e. OCTET
• UTF-8 can use 1 OCTET to maximum 6 OCTET depending upon the
character it represent.
• Unicode code points are written as U+<codepoint> for e.g.
U+0050
represent ‘P”
Unicode Code Unicode Code Number
Points (Decimal) Points (Hex) of octets
used
U-0 to U-127 U+00 to U+07F 1 octet (8 bits)
U-128 to U-2047 U+80 to U+7FF 2 octets (16
bits)
U-2048 to U-65535 U+800 to U+FFFF 3 octets (24
bits)
U-65536 to U-2097151 U+10000 to U+1FFFFF 4 octets (32
• 1 OCTET (8 BIT REPRESENTATION)
• For 1 octet representation the left most bit act as control
bit which stores ZERO (0)
• The control bit is special bit that store the control code not
the actual character. Rest of the bit stores the actual’s
binary code
• For Example ( U + 0050 ) (Binary value of P is 1010000)
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
ACTUAL BINARY
CODE
CONTROL
CODE
• 2 OCTET (16 BIT REPRESENTATION)
• First 3 bits (left most) of first octet will be 110
• First 2 bits (left most) of second octet will be 10
• For Example ( U + 00A7) (Binary value of is
10100111)
1 1 0 0 EMPTY
0 BITS 0 1 0
OCTET 1
1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 OCTET
2
• 3 OCTET (24 BIT REPRESENTATION)
• First 4 bits (left most) of first octet will be 1110
• First 2 bits (left most) of second octet will be 10
• First 2 bits (left most) of third octet will be 10
• For Example ( U + 203B)
• (Binary value of ※ is 10000000111011)
EMPTY BITS
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 OCTET 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OCTET 2
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 OCTET 3
• 4 OCTET (32 BIT REPRESENTATION)
• First 5 bits (left most) of first octet will be 11110
• First 2 bits (left most) of 2nd , 3rd , 4th octet will
be 10
•• For Example
(Binary value ( U + 12345)
is
of 𒍅 00010010001101000101)
1 1 1 1 0 0 EMPTY
0 BIT 0
OCTET
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
OCTET
2
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
OCTET
3
• It is fixed length encoding scheme that uses exactly 4 bytes
to represent all Unicode characters.
• It stores every character using 4 bytes
• Example: Consider the Symbol * [U+002A binary-
00101010]
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0