AE8751 - AVIONICS

2017 Regulations
VII Sem AERO
UNIT -1
INTRODUCTION TO AVIONICS

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 SYLLABUS
1. Need for Avionics in civil and military
aircraft and space systems –
2. Typical avionics sub systems
3. Integrated Avionics and Weapon system
4. Design approaches and recent
advances
5. Application Technologies.

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Need for Avionics in civil and
military aircraft and space
systems
Need of Avionics in Civil, Military
and Space systems

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1. Need for avionics in Civil Aircraft
systems
1) For Flight Control – Computations and flight
surfaces control (PWM)
2) For Mission and Management computation
3) For Navigating the aircraft – full solution,
AHRS (Altitude and Head Reference System)

4) For getting the magnetic field thru

Magnetometer
5) For various Payloads and Data-link Control
through extended I/O

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 Need of Avionics in Civil
Aircrafts
1. Reduce the crew workload
2. By Avionics in Civil Aircrafts, aircraft
mission carried safely and efficiently.
3. By All Weather operation thru avionics
reduce the maintenance cost of aircraft
4. Thru Avionics, Air Datas obtained like
altitude, outside temp and pressure

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 Military Aircrafts
• Stealth- F-117 Nighthawk (1980s-2008)
• B-2 Spirit "Stealth Bomber,“
• F-22 Raptor
• F-35 Lightning
• F18 Super-cruice Aircraft
• A10 Thunderbolt Jet
• (Brahmos Supersonic Cruice Missile)

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NEED FOR AVIONICS FOR MILITARY
AIR CRAFT-s
• Avionics in Military Aircrafts for Super
cruise, for Reliability, Availability, and
room for growth capacity
• Less expensive for a Single Seater fighter
than 2 seater fighter with Avionics
• Improved Aircraft Performance
• Secure Communication

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F22 –Integrated Avionic Suite
(LOCKHEED MARTIN)

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 Need for Avionics in Space
Systems
• Thru Avionics, Fly-by-wire control systems
for vehicle attitude and translation control
used
• Thru Avionics, excellent Sensors used
around the spacefraft for data acquisition.
• Redundancy system and autopilot are the
needs using Avionics in Space systems
• On board computers in satellites for
processing.
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 AVIONICS
Onboard and ground avionics, air
traffic management

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 AVIONICS
1. FLIGHT CONTROL for controlling the flight on
its course
2. COCK PIT ELECTRONICS-various types of
displays for facilitating the Pilot
3. COMMUNICATION-Pilot to Ground and Pilot
to passengers
4. NAVIGATION using VOR and GPS
5. RADAR using Transponder in Aircraft and
RADAR at the ground to find altitude, speed
and bearing of Aircraft

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 Avionics
Onboard –
1. Flight Control Avionics
2. Cockpit avionics,
3. Communication and Navigation avionics,
4. Cabin Avionics and
5. Auxiliary & power systems
Ground :
1. Air traffic Management Electronics
(ATC)
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Air traffic management from
Chennai to
New Delhi

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Air Traffic Management

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Types of Aircrafts &
Missiles
Avionic Companies

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 Avionic Giants
• Honeywell USA- for all avionic sub sustems
• Bendix & King-US-Radar
• Baker Electronics USA-VHF Radio, Cockpit
electronics
• Allied Signal, -Radar and navigation system
• Rockwell Collins, GE, Rolls Royce USA- for
Aircraft
• Thales France-ATC Radar
• Garmin-USA-GPS
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 Aircrafts-Civilian
• Boeing-737 to 787-Seatle
• Airbus-A320 to A380 Toules-France
• DC-3,DC-10 (Dooughlas)-California

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 Aircrafts, Missiles
• Sparrow by Raytheon USA
• Thor Missile-IRBM from Douglas Aircraft
Co
• AGM 86-Cruice Missile-Boeing
• A-64 Apache-Boeing

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Thor Missile(IRBM)2400 KM

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Sparrow-Air to Air Missile

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Avionic Sub Systems

7 sub systems with brief

explanation

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 Avionic Sub Systems

AVIONIC SUB
SYSTEMS
For Pr. Mach No. For Flight planning

1.Air Data 7.FMS

System system

2.Flight Control 3.Navigation 4.Cockpit 6.Engine

Communication
System System System Control
For Aircraft For position of Pilot to Grnd, Controlling
LCD Displays
Stability Aircraft Crew to Engine temp
Passenger Pr.
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 Avionic Subsystems
1. Air Data System-indicating Pr,Altitude,Speed,
Mach Number,Statc Air Temp etc
2. Flight Control System-indicating Signals for 3
axes Auto stabilization
3. Navigation System-using DME,VOR, GPS
4. Display System-like HUD,HOTAS
5. Cabin Inter-Communication System
6. Engine Control system for engine temp, pr.
7. Flight Management System-FMS for flight path
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 1.Air Data System
1. Indicate Pr,
2. Altitude,
3. Speed,
4. Mach Number,
5. Statc Air Temp etc thru a computer
called ADC

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Air Data System for Total Air temp ,
Dynamic Pr, True Air speed

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Air Data Computer

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 2. Flight Control System-Autopilot
System
1. Means Fly by wire and Fly by Light –two
methods in Flight Control system
2. Include automatically controlling flight
using auto-pilots Scheme to control
heading and altitude and for
Autostablization-AFC
3. Limited authority on thrust and flight
control surfaces

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Flight Control

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Flight Control System
(Autopilot)

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 3. Navigation system
A. By Very High Frequency Omni
directional Range or Distance Measuring
Equipment DME
B. By Satellite Based Navigation by MEO
Satellites at 1575 MHz Satcom via the
Inmarsat satellites using 4 Satellites
centralized over the Pacific Ocean,
Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean-East, and
Atlantic Ocean-West for high altitudes

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 NAVIGATION SYSTEM
A. Ground Based Navigation using LOS by
VOR/DME having B-Nav and P-nav where the
track accuracy is within +/- 5 nm and +/-1nm
Use VOR for getting the navigation track from
many ground stations between Aircraft and
ATC through VHF Freq. (108.1 through 117.95
MHz)
B. Satellite Based Navigation by GPS on 1575
MHz

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 A. VOR
• A Radio Navigation system for Aircrafts
sending VHF AM signal to the Aircraft
• Aircraft derive a Magnetic bearing from the
station to the aircraft (direction from the VOR
station in relation to Earths North at the time of
installation)
• Providing OMNI (VOR) or LOCALIZER (LOC)
information with built-in VOR/LOC Converter
• Used with other nav/comms

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A. VOR & DME

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A. VOR/DME Ground Station

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A. DME in the Aircraft

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A. Air band Receiver FOR VOR

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 GPS Navigation
• Offering an inexpensive and reliable
Navigation to existing navigation
techniques for aircraft.
• With GPS, an aircraft's computers can be
programmed to fly a direct route to a
destination
• GPS saves in fuel and time

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GPS Navigation

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 GPS Navigation
• Aircraft position by signals from MEO Satellites
high above the Earth
• 3 satellites for fixing aircrafts position
• 3 segments; 1. space segment (SS), 2. a
control segment (CS), and 3.user segment
• Space Segment for No.of Satellites (12)Control
Segment to track the position of Satellites,
(3).User segment (GPS receiver)

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Space Segment (12 Visible Sat)

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GPS at the cockpit

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B. GPS at Aircraft

GPS-400W

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3. Satellite Based Navigation using
12 Satellites( GPS)
GPS-400W

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 4.Display System
1. Produce Pre-Flight info
2. Giving Navigation Information
3. Airframe Data
4. Warning Information
5. Head up Display and
6. Multifunction Display

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5.Communication

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 5. COMMUNICATION
• Communications connecting the flight
deck to the ground, and the flight deck
to the passengers
• Flight Deck to Ground work on the Air-
band of 118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz (Air
band Receiver)
• On board communication for Public
Address system to the passengers and
Aircraft intercom to the crew .

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 5.Communication system
1. Direct dialling to Aircraft thru INMARSAT
or Iridium satellite
2. Voice Activated hands free intercom
system with Transmit facility from Pilot to
Passengers with PTT for Pilot and Co
pilot
3. Music thru Satellite Radio, MP3 or CD
player on Stereo

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5.Communication system

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 5. Communication
• Communication system using AIR Band
Receiver for contacting ATC and fellow
pilots.
• Air band Receiver use 136.000 to 163.975
MHz with 720 COMM channels
• Air Band Radios available @ 14 volt or 28
volt

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 Air band Receiver
•118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz

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 Why Beacon Freq =108.1 MHz on
FM
• Beacon use VHF thru LOS (line of Sight)
using 108.1- 117.95 MHz
• Storms and other weather phenomena
cause interference
• 108.1- 117.95 MHz free from Static and
interference caused by storms or other
weather phenomena

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 6.Engine Control system
• Engine control for Air density, throttle lever
position, engine temperature and engine
pressure etc.
• providing optimum engine efficiency for a
given flight condition with redundant digital
panels for Safety.

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6. Engine Control System

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7. Flight Management System

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 7.Flight Management System
• Flight Crew enter Flight Data such as
Wind conditions, Runway Length, Cruice
Altitude to FMS
• FMS computes power settings for various
phases of the flight

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 Description
• Giving End-to-end flight planning
• Inclue the aircraft track within an accuracy of
three wing-widths and within time of arrival to
within 6 seconds in the flight plan.
• Navigation (integration of inertial, radio and GPS
sensors)
• Trajectory prediction/optimization
• Flight guidance interface (roll, pitch and thrust
commands)
• Electronic map interface (horizontal and vertical
flight plan display)

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 GPS System for
Navigation
Basic theory, Orbital positions,
GPS segments, Triangulation,
Advantages of GPS

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Garmin GPS RX

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 Basic Theory
• GPS navigation by 24 MEO satellites having
atomic clocks revolving in Polar orbits at an
altitude of 20,000 km from earth, having 3
segments as space segment (SS), 2. a control
segment (CS), and 3.user segment
• Control segment for controlling the orbit of
satellites, Space segment for 24 satellites, 4
slots/satellites, inclined at 55* to the equator
• Some places on earth can see from 6 to 12
satellites
• GPS RX is User Segment

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GPS 24 MEO satellites-20,000 km
in Polar Orbits-55* to Equator

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GPS components

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 Principle of working
• GPS Satellites send signals containing
satellites position and time.
• GPS RX receive signals from 4 satellites
at any time, measuring the time difference
from satellite to the receiver
• Distance to satellite = c x time difference
• Knowing the distances of 4 satellites,
position of RX in Long and Lat computed
by a process of Triangulation
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 In Detail
1. MEO satellites emit high-frequency radio signals and
have atomic clocks set to Greenwich time called ZULU
time
2. Received by GPS receiver at the Aircraft, measuring
nearest 2 satellites called Acuisition.
3. These signals contain data about exact orbits of the
satellites and the time of atomic clocks on the
satellites
4. Time taken by the nearest 2 satellites and the aircraft
creates a precise triangle informing the pilot his
latitude and longitude to within one meter
5. Distance between satellite and RX is computed by
Acquisition from the time difference between satellite
and received signal d= (c/t) c= 300,000 km/sec

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 GPS Data-s
1. Direction of Heading
2. Speed of Aircraft
3. Aircraft Altitude
4. A Map of current location and destination
5. Traveled distance
6. How long we are travelling
7. Estimated time of Arrival

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GPS Navigation

GPS-400W

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GPS Navigation

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 Advantages of GPS
1. Aircrafts can fly the most direct routes between
2 airports, thus saving fuel and time.
2. Enable the Pilot to keep the aircraft On course
3. GPS also provide ground speed and wind
4. GPS enable the aircraft for safe landing under
bad weather.
5. Under poor visibility, GPS make the airacraft
for even touch down.

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 Ground Based Navigation
• Ground Based System use VOR for getting
the navigation track from many ground
stations between Aircraft and ATC through
VHF Freq. (108.1 through 117.95 MHz)
• Ground Based System give heading when
the aircraft remains in the same track
envelop
• Ground Based System use line-of-sight.

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 3. FLIGHT CONTROL
1. Autopilot scheme to control aircraft in
flight consisting of connecting linkage by
Mechanical, Hydraulic Electronic
(Analog ,Digital)
2. Thunderstorms causes rapid changes in
the three-dimensional wind velocity
Causes of air disaster called low level
windshear. just above ground level.

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3. Various Flight Control Schemes
( Honeywel-USA)
• Boeing 737-providing control and
guidance in the pitch and roll axes, and
performs warning functions, and automatic
pitch trim.
• Boeing 747-Autopilot - Flight Director is an
integrated automatic pilot/flight director
(A/P - F/D) system in which the system
computers are used for autopilot and flight
director functions.

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Drivers for Civil Transport
Aircraft

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 Avionic Drivers in Civil Transport
Aircrafts
1. GPS Technology
2. Cost and weight of on-board navigation
equipment-a potential breakthrough in air
traffic management
3. integration of satellite positioning with
digital map displays simplifies navigation
4. extensive radio navigation infrastructure
like LORAN-C, DECCA and maritime
radio and visual beacons.
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 Survivability
• Defined as ability of a system or
subsystem, equipment, process, or
procedure to continue to function after or
during a natural or man-made disturbance

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 Vulnerability

1. Defined as the situation for attack

or occurrence of a weak process
2. Vulnerability is inversely related to
Survivability
3. Lower the Vulnerability-higher the
survivability

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Avionic Architecture
Federated and Integrated
Architecture, and their distinction

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 Types
1. Federated Architecture- having stand
alone systems- Hetero-genious system
2. Integrated Architecture- several
avionics functionalities combined into a
single computer system with different
criticality levels-A380

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79
 Federated Architecture-
Features
1. Simple in architecture
2. Loosely-coupled and heterogeneous
architecture as Isolated Black Boxes
3. Every function executed independently,
independent of other function
4. Minimum error
5. A major drawback of federated architectures
lies in the high risk of massive usage of
computing resources
6. Airbus A330 and A340 adopt this kind of
architecture.

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 Federated Architecture
• Data conversion at the system leve
• Data sent as digital form – called Digital Avionics
Information System-DIAS
• Number of data processors required to perform
a variety of functions like navigation, having
Low – Bandwidth, stores
• Flight Management and Flight control Systems
connected in a Time – Shared Multiplex
Highway.
• All these Resources shared at the last link in
the information chain – via controls and displays.

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82
 Advantages & Disadvantages
• Each application in Federated Architecture have
separate Hardware/Software like Flight Control
or Radar as independent black boxes
• Federated Architecture is Robust and Fault
Tolerants
• All applications like Display, Flight Control or
Radar are physically protected
• Failure in One application does not affect the
other
• The Architecure is Costly, consuming high
power and highly complex

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Integrated Avionic System
Features, Schematic and
Advantages

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 Features
1. Using Avionic Full Duplex Ethernet AFDX
2. Simultaneous display of traffic, terrain,
airspace, airways, airports, navigation aids
3. Common Hardware and Software are shared
by Hosted Applications
4. Reconfiguration at ground and in flight
5. Drop Down Menus & On-screen point and click
functionality

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 Integrated Architecture

Actuators Sensors
Flight Auto
Display
Mgmt Pilot

Common I/O

Open System Interface with 628

Avionics Computer
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IMA Architecture in Airbus A380

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 Advantages of Integrated Avionic
System
1. Advanced flight deck functions
2. Improved situational awareness to Pilot
3. Increased system flexibility for business and regional
aircrafts.
4. Large Liquid Crystal Flat Panel Displays
5. Integrated Navigation
6. Quick Modification of Flight Plans for sudden change in
weather, Terrain and Air Traffic.
7. Control of Cock Pit Info and Display Info
8. Integration with subsystems in the aircraft

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 Integrated Weapon System
• Consisting of AIM-9 air-to-air missile fired with
F-22 maneuvering 60 degrees Rolling per
second
• All 52 missile tests prior to IOT&E complete
• First JDAM separation test complete
• successful Gun system tests
• Certified Chaff and flare countermeasures

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 Other features of Integrated
Avionics
• Electronic Warfare
• Stores Management System
• Inertial Reference System with GPS
• Software providing 1.7 million lines of code
• Liquid flow through cooling lending to an mean
time between failures (MTBF) of 25,000 hours
• Power Supply modules cooled with
polyalphaolefin (PAO) liquid coolant to carry
away heat generated by the supplies' power-
conversion process

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 Distinction between IMA & Fed
Architecture
1. Open System 1. Closed System
2. Line Replacable 2. Not Line Replaceble
Modules
3. Common Architecture Modules
and sharing of Data with 3. Stand alone
628 and 429 Architecture with ARINC
4. Use Full Duplex 429 and no sharing of
Swithced Network Data
5. Technology Reuse
6. Less Weight and Power 4. Also Use Full Duplex
7. All applications 5. No Technology Reuse
accesseds to the Pilot 6. More Weight & power
thru 11” LCD display

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Design approach and
Recent Advances
Types of approach, present day
advances in architecture

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 Type of Approach
Include
1. Integrated Modular System approach
2. Glass Cockpits
3. Fault Tolerant System
4. Federated &
5. Integrated Architecture

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 1. Integrated Modular System
approach
1. By using Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA)
system increase the efficiency by reducing
Space, Weight and Power (SWaP)
• Example:Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner and Airbus’
A380
2. Objective of IMA to combine a number of
traditional, stand-alone federated systems into
integrated common platforms.
3. IMA increase power efficiency and reduces
processor boards, reducing bill of materials
(BOM) and number of Line Replaceable Units
(LRUs)
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