Lecture #6
Statically indeterminate structures.
Force method
CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROBLEMS
Statically determinate Statically indeterminate
Equilibrium equations could Equilibrium equations could
be directly solved, and thus be solved only when
forces could be calculated coupled with physical law
in an easy way and compatibility equations
Stress state depends only Stress state depends on
on geometry & loading rigidities
Not survivable, moderately Survivable, widely used in
used in modern aviation modern aviation
(due to damage tolerance (due to damage tolerance
requirement) property)
Easy to manufacture Hard to manufacture
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WAYS TO SOLVE A SOLID MECHANICS PROBLEM
Displacements
Stresses are
are set as
set as
unknowns
Compatibility unknowns
equations Constitutive
equations
Strains are
derived Strains are
Constitutive derived
equations Equilibrium
equations
Stresses are
derived Compatibility
Equilibrium
equations
equations
Equilibrium Compatibility
equations are equations are
solved solved
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METHODS TO SOLVE INDETERMINATE PROBLEM
Flexibility method Stiffness method
(slope-deflection (force method)
method)
Displacements
Stresses are set
are set as
as unknowns
unknowns
Equilibrium Compatibility
equations are equations are
solved solved
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METHODS TO SOLVE INDETERMINATE PROBLEM
Small degree
of statical
indeterminacy Force method
Slope-deflection method
Slope-deflection method
in matrix formulation
Large degree Numerical methods
of statical
indeterminacy
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FLOWCHART OF SOLUTION USING FORCE METHOD
Classification
Redundant constraints are
of the problem
removed
Basic system In loaded state, external load is
applied. In unit states, unit force
is applied instead of constraint.
Loaded and
unit states Displacements corresponding to
removed constraints are
Canonical determined for each state
equations
Forces in removed constraints
are determined
Total stress state
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BASIC (PRIMARY) SYSTEM
OF FORCE METHOD
Two major requirements exists:
- basic system should be stable;
- basic system should be statically determinate.
Finally, basic system should be chosen in such a way
to simplify calculations as much as possible. For
example, for symmetrical problem it is essential to
choose a symmetrical basic system.
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SYSTEM OF CANONICAL EQUATIONS
OF FORCE METHOD
The number of equations in the system is equal to the
degree of statical indeterminacy
The canonical equation states that the displacement
corresponding to removed constrain is zero.
General view of the system is:
iF ij X j 0
j
i, j – indexes varying from 1 to the degree of statical
indeterminacy.
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SYSTEM OF CANONICAL EQUATIONS
OF FORCE METHOD
Partial case for a singly statically indeterminate
problem:
1F 11 X 1 0
Partial case for a twice statically indeterminate
problem:
1F 11 X 1 12 X 2 0
2 F 21 X 1 22 X 2 0
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SYSTEM OF CANONICAL EQUATIONS
OF FORCE METHOD
Determination of coefficients for trusses:
F 1 1 1
N N N N
1F ; 11
k EA k EA
In trusses, if the rod is removed in basic system, the
term corresponding to this rod in unit system should
not be omitted.
Coefficients for members subjected to bending:
F 1 1 1
Mz Mz Mz Mz
1F dx ; 11 dx
EI z EI z
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TOTAL STRESS STATE
The total stress state is found as a sum of loaded
state and unit states multiplied by corresponding
constraint reactions:
Fk F k
(F )
F k
(1)
Xi
i
i – index varying from 1 to the degree of statical
indeterminacy;
k – index of the force factor F;
F could represent any force factor (normal force,
bending moment, constraint reaction etc.).
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THREE BASIC EQUATIONS
Physical sense of equations (revision)
This is not only the sum of
Equilibrium
forces or moments, but applies
equations
for elementary volume as well
Physical law, expresses
Constitutive
the relation between
equations
stress and strain
Solid body should
Compatibility
remain continuous
equations
while being deformed 12
THREE BASIC EQUATIONS
How are they implemented in force method
Equilibrium Equilibrium equations for basic
equations system in loaded and unit states
Constitutive Through Young’s moduli
equations in Mohr’s integrals
Compatibility Canonical equations of force
equations method
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EXAMPLE OF FORCE METHOD APPLICATION
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EXAMPLE OF FORCE METHOD APPLICATION
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SYSTEM OF CANONICAL EQUATIONS
OF FORCE METHOD
Specific case for temperature actuated displacement:
1
1F T N
k
Specific case when displacement at the constraint is
given:
1F 11 X 1 constraint
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WHERE TO FIND MORE INFORMATION?
For force method, I recommend
Kassimali. Structural Analysis. 3rd ed. 2005
Chapter 13
For Mohr’s integral, refer to your Mechanics of Materials
course.
… Internet is boundless …
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TOPIC OF THE NEXT LECTURE
Statically indeterminate structures.
Fuselage frames
All materials of our course are available
at department website [Link]
1. Go to the page “Библиотека”
2. Press “Structural Mechanics (lecturer Vakulenko S.V.)”
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