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Nano Battery

The document discusses the history of batteries and the development of lithium-ion batteries. It explains that lithium-ion batteries have higher energy density than other rechargeable batteries like nickel-cadmium. However, challenges remain around electrode materials deteriorating over charge/discharge cycles. The document discusses how nanotechnology can help address these challenges through approaches like silicon nanowires as anodes that expand and contract without breaking down. The intersection of lithium-ion batteries and nanotechnology holds promise for developing longer-lasting, higher capacity battery electrodes.

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Sameer Hussain
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26 views28 pages

Nano Battery

The document discusses the history of batteries and the development of lithium-ion batteries. It explains that lithium-ion batteries have higher energy density than other rechargeable batteries like nickel-cadmium. However, challenges remain around electrode materials deteriorating over charge/discharge cycles. The document discusses how nanotechnology can help address these challenges through approaches like silicon nanowires as anodes that expand and contract without breaking down. The intersection of lithium-ion batteries and nanotechnology holds promise for developing longer-lasting, higher capacity battery electrodes.

Uploaded by

Sameer Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY

SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Lithium-Ion Battery
+ Nano-technology
Battery History and Basics

The modern battery was developed by Italian physicist


Alessandro Volta in 1800.

Ingredients: Zinc, Saltwater paper, and Silver

An electrochemical reaction.

The “Voltaic Pile”


The Voltaic Pile
Battery Chemistry
Electrochemical reaction - a chemical reaction
between elements which creates electrons.

Oxidation occurs on the metals (“electrodes”), which


creates the electrons.

Electrons are transferred down the pile via the


saltwater paper (the “electrolyte”).

A charge is introduced at one pole, which builds as it


moves down the pile.
Primary vs. Secondary
Batteries
Primary batteries are disposable because their
electrochemical reaction cannot be reversed.

Secondary batteries are rechargeable, because their


electrochemical reaction can be reversed by
applying a certain voltage to the battery in the
opposite direction of the discharge.
Standard Modern Batteries
Zinc-Carbon:
Zinc-Carbon used in all inexpensive AA, C and D dry-cell
batteries. The electrodes are zinc and carbon, with an
acidic paste between them that serves as the electrolyte.
(disposable)

Alkaline:
Alkaline used in common Duracell and Energizer
batteries, the electrodes are zinc and manganese-oxide,
with an alkaline electrolyte. (disposable)

Lead-Acid:
Lead-Acid used in cars, the electrodes are lead and lead-
oxide, with an acidic electrolyte. (rechargeable)
Battery types (cont’d)
Nickel-cadmium:
Nickel-cadmium (NiCd)
 rechargeable,
 “memory effect”
Nickel-metal hydride:
hydride (NiMH)
 rechargeable
 no “memory effect”
Lithium-Ion:
Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion)
 rechargeable
 no “memory effect”
Recharge-ability & the
“memory effect”
Recharge-ability: basically, when the direction of
electron discharge (negative to positive) is
reversed, restoring power.

the Memory Effect:


Effect (generally) When a battery is
repeatedly recharged before it has discharged more
than half of its power, it will “forget” its original
power capacity.(battery capacity will be reduced)

Cadmium crystals are the culprit! (NiCd)


Lithium

Periodic Table Symbol: Li

Atomic Weight: 3 (light!)

Like sodium and potassium, an alkali metal.


(Group 1 )

Highly reactive, with a high energy density.


The Periodic Table


Lithium (Ion) Battery
Development
In the 1970’s, Lithium metal was used but its
instability rendered it unsafe and impractical.
Lithium-cobalt oxide and graphite are now used
as the lithium-Ion-moving electrodes.

The Lithium-Ion battery has a slightly lower


energy density than Lithium metal, but is much
safer. Introduced by Sony in 1991.
Advantages of Using
Li-Ion Batteries
POWER – High energy density means greater power in a
smaller package.
160% greater than NiMH
220% greater than NiCd
HIGHER VOLTAGE – a strong current allows it to
power complex mechanical devices.
LONG SHELF-LIFE – only 5% discharge loss per
month.
 10% for NiMH, 20% for NiCd
Disadvantages of Li-Ion
EXPENSIVE -- 40% more than NiCd.

DELICATE -- battery temp must be monitored


from within (which raises the price), and sealed
particularly well.

REGULATIONS -- when shipping Li-Ion batteries


in bulk (which also raises the price).

Class 9 miscellaneous hazardous material

UN Manual of Tests and Criteria (III, 38.3)


Environmental Impact of
Li-Ion Batteries
Rechargeable batteries are often recyclable.

Oxidized Lithium is non-toxic, and can be


extracted from the battery, neutralized, and used as
feedstock for new Li-Ion batteries.
The Intersection
“In terms of weight and size, batteries have become one of the
limiting factors in the development of electronic devices.”

http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=5210.php

“The problem with...lithium batteries is that none of the


existing electrode materials alone can deliver all the required
performance characteristics including high capacity, higher
operating voltage, and long cycle life. Consequently,
researchers are trying to optimize available electrode
materials by designing new composite structures on the
nanoscale.”
“Nano”-Science and
-Technology
The attempt to manufacture and control objects at
the atomic and molecular level (i.e. 100
nanometers or smaller).

1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter (10-9)

1 nanometer : 1 meter :: 1 marble : Earth

1 sheet of paper = 100,000 nanometers


Nano S & T (cont’d)
Nano-science:
Nano-science research of the differing
behavioral properties of elements on the nano
scale.

Conductivity (electric/thermal), strength,


magnetism, reflectivity.... Sometimes these
properties differ on the nanoscale.

Carbon is particularly strong on the nano


scale.

C60 = “Fullerene,” a.k.a “buckyball”


Nano S & T (cont’d)
Nano-technology:
Nano-technology the use of nanoscale materials in
critical dimensions of mechanical devices.

Nanotubes -- carbon molecules have greater


mechanical strength at less weight per volume.

Nanotransistors -- the computer industry’s best


technology features microchips with transistors as
small as 45nm.

Batteries with nanoscale materials deliver more power


quickly with less heat.
Environmental Impacts and
Use of Nanotechnology

Smaller scale technology means less resources


used and less waste.

The EPA recently issued research grants to use


nanotechnology to develop new methods of
detecting toxins in water.
An example of the
intersection...
From graphite to metallic tin (electrodes), but metallic
tin isn’t great either…yet.

“...the biggest challenge for employing metallic tin...is


that it suffers from huge volume variation during the
lithium insertion/extraction cycle, which leads to
pulverization of the electrode and very rapid capacity
decay."
But nanotechnology could offer a solution...
The Director of the Institute of Chemistry at the
Chinese Academy of Sciences published a paper in
February describing the novel carbon
nanocomposite above as “a promising [electrode]
material for lithium-ion batteries.”
Another example...
“The storage capacity of a Li-Ion battery is limited
by how much lithium can be held in the battery's
anode, which is typically made of carbon. Silicon
has a much higher capacity than carbon, but also has
a drawback.”
“Silicon placed in a battery swells as it absorbs
positively charged lithium atoms during
charging, then shrinks during use as the lithium
ion is drawn out of the silicon. This cycle
typically causes the silicon to pulverize,
degrading the performance of the battery.”
The Nano-technology
solution...
“The lithium is stored in a forest of tiny silicon
nanowires, each with a diameter one one-thousandth
the thickness of a sheet of paper. The nanowires
inflate to four times their normal size as they soak
up lithium but, unlike other silicon shapes, they do
not fracture.”
• Photos taken by a scanning electron microscope of silicon
nanowires before (left) and after (right) absorbing lithium. Both
photos were taken at the same magnification. The work is described
in “High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon
nanowires,” published online Dec. 16 in Nature Nanotechnology.
The Potential of Li-Ion
Batteries
Electrodes that don’t deteriorate

metallic tin with carbon hollow spheres

silicon nanowires

2D & 3D battery design



“Forested” rods on a thin film electrode

“Stacked” rods in a truck bed


Links to References
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/battery.htm

http://everything2.com/e2node/Lithium%2520ion%2520battery

http://www.batteryuniversity.com

http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january9/nanowire-
010908.html

http://www.nano.gov/html/research/industry.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller

http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=5210.php

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