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Friction

This document discusses friction and equilibrium. It defines static and kinetic friction and their relationship to the normal force. The key points are: - Static friction opposes motion until an object begins to move, while kinetic friction opposes motion once an object is already moving. Both are proportional to the normal force. - Friction forces are independent of contact area, temperature (usually), and speed, provided other variables like mass and material properties remain the same. - Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating static and kinetic friction forces in problems involving impending or constant motion using free body diagrams and applying conditions of equilibrium.

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Sesirekha Ravinuthula
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50 views31 pages

Friction

This document discusses friction and equilibrium. It defines static and kinetic friction and their relationship to the normal force. The key points are: - Static friction opposes motion until an object begins to move, while kinetic friction opposes motion once an object is already moving. Both are proportional to the normal force. - Friction forces are independent of contact area, temperature (usually), and speed, provided other variables like mass and material properties remain the same. - Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating static and kinetic friction forces in problems involving impending or constant motion using free body diagrams and applying conditions of equilibrium.

Uploaded by

Sesirekha Ravinuthula
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4B.

Friction and
Equilibrium
A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics
Southern Polytechnic State University
© 2007
Equilibrium: Until motion
begins, all forces on the mower
are balanced. Friction in wheel
bearings and on the ground
oppose the lateral motion.
Objectives: After completing this
module, you should be able to:
• Define and calculate the coefficients of
kinetic and static friction, and give the
relationship of friction to the normal force.
• Apply the concepts of static and kinetic
friction to problems involving constant
motion or impending motion.
Friction Forces
When two surfaces are in contact, friction forces
oppose relative motion or impending motion.
P
Friction forces are parallel to
the surfaces in contact and
oppose motion or impending
motion.

Static Friction: No Kinetic Friction:


relative motion. Relative motion.
motion
Friction and the Normal Force
8N n 12 N n
4N
n2N 4N 6N

The force required to overcome static or kinetic


friction is proportional to the normal force, n.

fs = sn fk = kn
Friction forces are independent of area.

4N 4N

If the total mass pulled is constant, the same


force (4 N) is required to overcome friction
even with twice the area of contact.

For this to be true, it is essential that ALL


other variables be rigidly controlled.
Friction forces are independent of
temperature, provided no chemical or
structural variations occur.

4N 4N

Heat can sometimes cause surfaces to become


deformed or sticky. In such cases, temperature
can be a factor.
Friction forces are independent of speed.

5 m/s 20 m/s
2 N 2 N

The force of kinetic friction is the same at


5 m/s as it is for 20 m/s. Again, we must
assume that there are no chemical or
mechanical changes due to speed.
The Static Friction Force
When an attempt is made to move an
object on a surface, static friction slowly
increases to a MAXIMUM value.
value
n
fs
P
f s  s n
W
In this module, when we use the following
equation, we refer only to the maximum
value of static friction and simply write:

fs = sn
Constant or Impending Motion
For motion that is impending and for
motion at constant speed, the resultant
force is zero and F = 0. (Equilibrium)
fs P fk P

Rest Constant Speed

P – fs = 0 P – fk = 0

Here the weight and normal forces are


balanced and do not affect motion.
Friction and Acceleration
When P is greater than the maximum fs
the resultant force produces acceleration.
a This case will be
fk P discussed in a
later chapter.
Constant Speed
fk = kn

Note that the kinetic friction force remains


constant even as the velocity increases.
EXAMPLE 1: If k = 0.3 and s = 0.5,
what horizontal pull P is required to
just start a 250-N block moving?
1. Draw sketch and free-
body diagram as shown.
2. List givens and label
n what is to be found:
fs P
+ k = 0.3; s = 0.5; W = 250 N
W
Find: P = ? to just start

3. Recognize for impending motion: P – fs = 0


EXAMPLE 1(Cont.): s = 0.5, W = 250 N. Find
P to overcome fs (max). Static friction applies.

n For this case: P – fs = 0


fs P 4. To find P we need to
+ know fs , which is:
250 N f s = s n n=?

5. To find n: Fy = 0 n–W=0


W = 250 N n = 250 N
(Continued)
EXAMPLE 1(Cont.): s = 0.5, W = 250 N. Find P
to overcome fs (max). Now we know n = 250 N.
6. Next we find fs from:
n
fs = sn = 0.5 (250 N) P
fs
7. For this case:
case P – fs = 0 +
250 N
P = fs = 0.5 (250 N)
s = 0.5
P = 125 N

This force (125 N) is needed to just start motion.


Next we consider P needed for constant speed.
EXAMPLE 1(Cont.): If k = 0.3 and s = 0.5,
what horizontal pull P is required to move with
constant speed? (Overcoming kinetic friction)
Fy = may = 0

n-W=0 n=W
k = 0.3
n
P Now: fk = kn = kW
fk
+ Fx = 0; P - fk = 0
mg
P = fk = kW

P = (0.3)(250 N) P = 75.0 N
The Normal Force and Weight
The normal force is NOT always equal to
the weight. The following are examples:
P
n 300
Here the normal force is
less than weight due to
m
upward component of P.
W
P Here the normal force is
n equal to only the compo-
nent of weight perpendi-
W
 cular to the plane.
Review of Free-body Diagrams:
For Friction Problems:
• Read problem; draw and label sketch.
• Construct force diagram for each object,
vectors at origin of x,y axes. Choose x or y
axis along motion or impending motion.
• Dot in rectangles and label x and y compo-
nents opposite and adjacent to angles.
• Label all components; choose positive
direction.
For Friction in Equilibrium:
• Read, draw and label problem.
• Draw free-body diagram for each body.
• Choose x or y-axis along motion or impending
motion and choose direction of motion as positive.
• Identify the normal force and write one of
following:
fs = sn or fk = kn

• For equilibrium, we write for each axis:


Fx = 0 Fy = 0

• Solve for unknown quantities.


Example 2. A force of 60 N drags a 300-N
block by a rope at an angle of 400 above the
horizontal surface. If uk = 0.2, what force P
will produce constant speed?
W = 300 N P=? 1. Draw and label a sketch
n 400
of the problem.
fk 2. Draw free-body diagram.
m
P sin 400 Py
P
W n Py
400
The force P is to be Px
replaced by its com- fk P cos 400
ponents Px and Py. W +
Example 2 (Cont.). P = ?; W = 300 N; uk = 0.2.
P sin 400
3. Find components of P: P
n
Px = P cos 400 = 0.766P 400
fk P cos 400
Py = P sin 400 = 0.643P
mg +
Px = 0.766P; Py = 0.643P
Note: Vertical forces are balanced, and for
constant speed, horizontal forces are balanced.

F x 0 F y 0
Example 2 (Cont.). P = ?; W = 300 N; uk = 0.2.
Px = 0.766P
Py = 0.643P 0.643P
P
n
4. Apply Equilibrium con- 400
ditions to vertical axis.
fk 0.766P
Fy = 0 300 N +

n + 0.643P – 300 N= 0 [Py and n are up (+)]


n = 300 N – 0.643P; Solve for n in terms of P
n = 300 N – 0.643P
Example 2 (Cont.). P = ?; W = 300 N; uk = 0.2.

n = 300 N – 0.643P 0.643P


P
n
5. Apply Fx = 0 to con- 400

stant horizontal motion. fk 0.766P


Fx = 0.766P – fk = 0 300 N +

fk = k n = (0.2)(300 N - 0.643P)
fk = (0.2)(300 N - 0.643P) = 60 N – 0.129P

0.766P – fk = 0; 0.766P – (60 N – 0.129P) = 0


Example 2 (Cont.). P = ?; W = 300 N; uk = 0.2.
0.643P
P 0.766P – (60 N – 0.129P )=0
n
400
fk 6. Solve for unknown P.
0.766P
300 N 0.766P – 60 N + 0.129P =0
+

0.766P + 0.129P = 60 N If P = 67 N, the


block will be
0.766P + 0.129P = 60 N dragged at a
constant speed.
0.895P = 60 N
P = 67.0 N P = 67.0 N
Example 3: What push P up the incline is
needed to move a 230-N block up the
incline at constant speed if k = 0.3?
Step 1: Draw free-body P
including forces, angles
W =230 N
and components.

n x 600
y P
Step 2: Fy = 0
fk W cos 600
W sin 600
n – W cos 600 = 0
600
n = (230 N) cos 600
230 N
n = 115 N
Example 3 (Cont.): Find P to give
move up the incline (W = 230 N).
600
y n x
P n = 115 N W = 230 N
fk W cos 600
Step 3. Apply Fx= 0
W sin 600 600 P - fk - W sin 600 = 0
fk = kn = 0.2(115 N)
W
fk = 23 N, P = ?
P - 23 N - (230 N)sin 600 = 0

P - 23 N - 199 N= 0 P = 222 N
Summary: Important Points to Consider
When Solving Friction Problems.

• The maximum force of static friction is


the force required to just start motion.
n
fs
P
f s  s n
W

Equilibrium exists at that instant:

Fx  0; Fy  0
Summary: Important Points (Cont.)
• The force of kinetic friction is that force
required to maintain constant motion.
n
fk
P
f k  k n
W

• Equilibrium exists if speed is constant,


but fk does not get larger as the
speed is increased.
Fx  0; Fy  0
Summary: Important Points (Cont.)
• Choose an x or y-axis along the direction
of motion or impending motion.

The F will be zero


along the x-axis and
k = 0.3
n along the y-axis.
fk P
+
In this figure, we have:
W
Fx  0; Fy  0
Summary: Important Points (Cont.)
• Remember the normal force n is not
always equal to the weight of an object.
P
n 300
It is necessary to draw
m the free-body diagram
W and sum forces to solve

P for the correct n value.


n
W Fx  0; Fy  0

Summary
Static Friction: No Kinetic Friction:
relative motion. Relative motion.

f s ≤ s n fk = kn

Procedure for solution of equilibrium


problems is the same for each case:

Fx  0 Fy  0
CONCLUSION: Chapter 4B
Friction and Equilibrium

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