“SPECIFICATIONS OF VARIOUS CONSTRUCTION WORKS”

AT
HINDUSTAN AERONAUTICS LIMITED
ENGINE DIVISION, SUNABEDA, KORAPUT
 Sl no. Contents

1 Earth work in excavation

2 Concrete work

3 Brick work

4 List of approved Make/Manufacturer of

materials/equipments

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 Codal provisions for Earth work in excavation

I.S.NO Subject

2720 PtVII-1980 Method of test for soils. Part VII-Determination of

Water Content, dry density relation using. light
compaction (second revision)
3764-1966 Safety code for excavation work including Amendment
No-1 of March 1976

4081-1986 Safety code for blasting and related drilling operations

(first revision)

6313 (part-1)-1981 Anti-Termite treatment in Building Constructional

Measures (first revision)

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 Earth work in excavation

Earthwork in excavation refers to the process of moving, reshaping, or removing soil, rock, or
other materials from the ground to create a desired shape for construction purposes. This is a
fundamental aspect of many construction projects, including building foundations, roads,
bridges, tunnels, dams, and more. Earthwork involves both excavation (the removal of material)
and embankment (the addition of material) to achieve the desired grade, elevation, and slope of
the land.

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 Site clearance
Site clearance in excavation is the initial phase of preparing a construction site for building or development. It
involves several key steps and considerations:

1. Demolition and Removal: First, any existing structures, buildings, or obstacles on the site need to be
demolished and removed. This includes clearing away old buildings, trees, debris, and other obstructions that
might interfere with construction.

2. Utility Identification: It's crucial to identify and locate any underground utilities such as water pipes,
electrical lines, gas lines, or sewage systems. This prevents accidental damage during excavation and ensures
that these utilities can be properly disconnected or rerouted if necessary.

3. Environmental Assessment: Before excavation begins, an environmental assessment is often conducted to

identify any potential environmental hazards or concerns on the site. This could include testing for
contaminants, assessing soil quality, and considering the impact of the construction on local ecosystems.

4.Permitting and Compliance: Site clearance typically requires obtaining the necessary permits and approvals
from local authorities. Compliance with zoning regulations, environmental laws, and other legal requirements
is essential.
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 Setting out and making profiles:

All excavation, embankments, traverses etc., shall be set out to the true line, curve, level or slope required.
The contractor shall be responsible for the accuracy of all setting out. Masonry pillars shall be erected at
suitable points in the area to serve as bench marks for the execution of the work. These bench marks shall be
connected with any permanent bench mark. In case of filling necessary profiles with pegs, bamboos, and
string or ‘burjis' shall be made to show the correct formation level before the work is started. In case of
cutting, levels may he marked by the designing pits and embedding bricks bats at the required levels. The
profiles and 'Burrts' shall be maintained during the execution of the work

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Rough Excavation :
The locations and depths of borrow pits and the extent of hillside cutting shall be indicated by the EIC.
Sufficient number of telltales or dead man shall be left in position as indicated by the EIC for proper
measurements of excavation. Such tell tales shall not be removed until after the measurements of rough
excavation have been recorded in the measurement book. Where practicable, borrow pits shall be drained to
prevent stagnation of water in them.

Damage to the existing Drains, Water mains, Cables etc :

During excavation the contractor shall take particular care to avoid damage to the existing drains, water mains,
cables or other underground work. Where required, existing pipes, cables etc., shall be properly lung or
otherwise supported. Top spit and other vegetable matter shall be separated from excavated material, if so
directed.

Blasting of Rocks :
The contractor shall obtain license from the district authorities, where applicable, for undertaking blasting
work and for obtaining and storing the explosives as per the Explosives rules, 1940, corrected up to date. The
contractor shall purchase explosives, fuses, detonators only from the licensed dealers. He will be responsible
for their safe custody and shall maintain an appropriate account of the explosive materials. The EIC or his
authorized representatives shall have access to check the contractor's stock of explosives.

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Inspection and Approval :
The contractor shall notify the EIC when excavation is ready for inspection. The excavation shall be
inspected and passed by the EIC, in writing, measurements recorded in the measurement book before
foundation is laid."

Earth for Filling :

Only approved earth shall be used in the embankment. All clods of earth exceeding 50 mm shall be
broken or removed .Soils having laboratory maximum dry density of less than 1.44 gm/cc are ordinarily
unsuitable and shall not be used unless specifically approved in writing by the EIC. Similarly soils
having maximum dry density of 1.52 gm/cc are ordinarily considered not suitable for use in
embankments exceeding 3 m in height or in embankments of any height subject to long periods of
inundation. The work shall be so executed that the best available earth is saved for the top portion of the
embankment. Where highly expansive Soils exhibiting marked swell and shrinkage properties indicated
to be used in filling, these shall be deposited at the bottom of the embankment and no such materials
shall be placed in the top 50 cm portion of the embankment below the sub grade

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Compaction :
Each layer shall be thoroughly compacted with sheep foot and/or power road roller of weight not
less than 8 tones till the soil behaves as an elastic material and gets compressed under the load of the
roller. In location where consolidation by power roller is not possible, manually or mechanically
operated rammers shall be employed for compaction. The embankment shall be finished to the lines,
grades and cross section as directed. The compaction of earth filling in embankments shall be
carried out under optimum conditions, so as to obtain at least 95 percent of standard Proctor density
for each layer. Dry density shall be determined in accordance with IS-2720 (Pt VII)-1980. Method
of tests for soils (Part VII)- Determination of water content- dry density relation using light
compaction. The moisture content of each layer of soil at the time of compaction should be from 1%
above to 2% below the optimum moisture content.

Allowance for Settlement :

To allow for subsequent settlement of embankment, the finished level of the embankment shall be
set higher than the specified level by 1-2 percent of the height of the embankment.

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 Codal provisions for Concrete work

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 Concrete work
Concrete work is a fundamental component of civil engineering and construction projects. It involves the use
of concrete, a mixture of cement, water, aggregates (such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone), and sometimes
additives or admixtures, to create a variety of structural elements and infrastructure. Concrete is known for its
durability, strength, versatility, and adaptability, making it a popular choice in the construction industry. Here
is a detailed overview of concrete work in civil engineering:

1. Concrete Mix Design:

•The first step in any concrete work is designing the concrete mix. This involves determining the proportions
of cement, water, aggregates, and any additives to achieve the desired properties of the concrete (such as
strength, durability, workability).
2. Material Selection:
•Cement: Typically, Portland cement is used in concrete
production. Cement is usually supplied in bags weighing 25 or
50kg.
•Aggregates: These are chosen based on size, shape, and grading
to achieve the desired concrete properties.
•Water: Clean and potable water is used, and its quantity is
critical for achieving the right mix consistency.
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3.Batching :
The batching process involves the following steps:

1.Measuring: Precisely measure the quantities of cement, aggregates, and water needed for the batch. Use
scales or volumetric measuring devices to ensure accuracy.
2.Mixing: Combine the measured materials in a mixer. The mixing process should be thorough to ensure
uniform distribution of ingredients. The type of mixer used can vary, but common options include drum
mixers, pan mixers, and ready-mix trucks.
3.Addition of Admixtures: If admixtures are required, they are usually added during or after the mixing
process. Admixtures can be used to improve various properties of the concrete, such as reducing water
content, increasing workability, or accelerating or retarding the setting time.
4.Testing and Adjusting: After mixing, it's essential to test the consistency and properties of the concrete
batch. Common tests include slump tests for workability and cube tests for strength. If the concrete does not
meet the desired specifications, adjustments may be necessary, such as adding more water or cement.
5.Transporting: Once the concrete is properly batched and tested, it is transported to the construction site
using trucks or other suitable means.
6.Placement: The concrete is placed in its final location, such as molds for casting, formwork for slabs, or
directly into holes for posts or foundations.

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4. Placing and compaction :
• Concrete is placed into Molds, formwork, or directly into the desired structure. Proper
placement techniques are essential to avoid segregation and achieve the required finish.
• After placement, the concrete is compacted to eliminate air voids and ensure proper bonding
between particles. This is usually done with vibrators or by rodding.

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5. Curing:
•Curing is the process of maintaining adequate moisture and temperature conditions to allow the concrete to
achieve its desired strength and durability. Curing can be done by wet curing (water curing), covering with
wet blankets, or using curing compounds.

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 6.Reinforcement :
In many civil engineering applications, such as building foundations and bridges, concrete is reinforced
with steel bars or mesh to enhance its tensile strength and flexibility.

7. Maintenance and Repair :

Over time, concrete structures may require maintenance and repair due to factors like weathering,
cracking, or structural issues. This involves concrete removal, patching, and sometimes reinforcement.

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 Codal provisions for Brick work

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 Brick work
Brickwork is a common construction technique in civil engineering and building construction. It involves the
arrangement of bricks in a specific pattern using mortar as a bonding agent to create walls, partitions, and other
structural elements. Here is a detailed overview of the process of brickwork in civil engineering:

1. Material Selection:
•Bricks: Bricks are typically made from clay or concrete. The type of brick selected depends on factors like load-
bearing requirements, aesthetic considerations, and environmental conditions.

•Mortar: Mortar is a mixture of cement, sand, and water. The proportions of these ingredients may vary
depending on the type of mortar required (e.g., for load-bearing walls or non-load-bearing walls).

2. Site Preparation:
•Before starting brickwork, the construction site is prepared. This includes clearing the area, setting up
scaffolding or access platforms, and ensuring a level and stable foundation.

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3. Layout and Marking:
•The layout of the brick wall is marked on the foundation or existing structure using chalk lines and level
measurements. This layout serves as a guide for brick placement.
4. Mixing Mortar:
•Mortar is mixed according to the specified proportions. Typically, a mortar mixer is used to ensure uniform
consistency.
5. Wetting Bricks:
•Bricks are often wetted with water before use. This prevents them from absorbing too much moisture from the
mortar, which can weaken the bond.
6. Applying Mortar:
•Mortar is applied in layers, called "courses," on the foundation or the previous layer of bricks. A trowel is used to
spread a uniform layer of mortar.
7. Brick Placement:
•Bricks are placed onto the mortar bed in the desired pattern. They are pressed firmly to ensure good contact with
the mortar and to eliminate air gaps.
8. Spacing and Alignment:
•Spacers, such as plastic or metal shims, may be used to maintain consistent spacing between bricks. A level and
plumb bob are used to ensure the bricks are aligned both horizontally and vertically.

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9. Cutting and Shaping: - Bricks at the ends of rows or near openings may need to be cut or shaped to fit the
required dimensions. This is typically done using a brick chisel and a hammer.

10. Curing: - After brickwork is completed, curing is essential to allow the mortar to harden properly. Wet curing or
the use of curing compounds may be employed.

11. Inspection and Quality Control: - The brickwork is inspected for proper alignment, levelness, and structural
integrity. Any necessary corrections are made.

12. Additional Treatments: - Depending on the project, additional treatments such as waterproofing, insulation
installation, or rendering (applying a plaster or finish coat) may be carried out.

13. Finishing: - Once the brickwork is complete, any necessary finishes, such as sealing or painting, may be applied
to protect and enhance the appearance of the bricks.

14. Maintenance: - Regular maintenance is essential to ensure the longevity and structural integrity of the
brickwork. This includes addressing any cracks, repointing mortar joints, and cleaning as needed.

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 Thank you
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