CPP OOPS Module 2
CPP OOPS Module 2
}
I like C++ so much
return 0;
I iostream
will score good
is just like marks
we include stdio.hin
in c C++
program.
It contains declarations for the identifier cout and the insertion
operator <<.
iostream should be included at the beginning of all programs
that use input/output statements.
cout<<"Addition : ";
cout<<number1+number2; //Display Addition
return 0;
}
C++ Tokens
C++ Tokens
• The smallest individual unit of a program is known as
token.
• C++ has the following tokens:
− Keywords #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
− Identifiers int main()
− Constants {
− Strings cout << "Hello World";
− Special Symbols return 0;
− Operators }
Keywords and Identifier
• C++ reserves a set of 84 words for its own use.
• These words are called keywords (or reserved words), and each
of these keywords has a special meaning within the C++
language.
• Identifiers are names that are given to various user defined
program elements, such as variable, function and arrays.
• Some of Predefined identifiers are cout, cin, main
CONSTANTS
NUMERIC CHARACTER
CONSTANTS CONSTANTS
SINGLE
INTEGER REAL STRING
CHARACTER
CONSTANTS CONSTANTS CONSTANTS
CONSTANTS
i.e. i.e. i.e.
i.e.
123,-321, 6543 0.0083, -0.75 “Hello”, “197”
‘5’, ‘X’, ‘;’
C++ Operators
C++ Operators
• All C language operators are valid in C++.
1. Arithmetic operators (+, - , *, /, %)
2. Relational operators (<, <=, >, >=, ==, !=)
3. Logical operators (&&, ||, !)
4. Assignment operators (+=, -=, *=, /=)
5. Increment and decrement operators (++, --)
6. Conditional operators (?:)
7. Bitwise operators (&, |, ^, <<, >>)
8. Special operators ()
Arithmetic Operators
Operator Meaning
< Is less than
<= Is less than or equal to
> Is greater than
>= Is greater than or equal to
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
Logical Operators
Operato Meaning
r
&& Logical AND
|| Logical OR
! Logical NOT
a b a && b a || b
true true true true
true false false true
false true false true
false false false false
It is either a literal |
Always it is a
a variable identifier |
variable identifier.
an expression.
Literal: ex. i = 1;
Variable identifier: ex. start = i;
Expression: ex. sum = first + second;
Assignment Operators (Shorthand)
Syntax:
leftSide Op= rightSide ;
It is an arithmetic
operator.
x = 10 ; After execution
p = ++x; x will be 11
First increment value of p will be 11
x by one
Operator Description
Post increment operator (x++) value of x is incremented after assigning it
to the variable on the left
x = 10 ; After execution
p = x++; x will be 11
p will be 10
First assign value of x
What is the output of this program?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int x, y;
x = 5;
y = ++x * ++x;
cout << x << y;
x = 5;
y = x++ * ++x;
cout << x << y;
}
(A) 749735
(B) 736749
(C) 367497
(D) none of the mentioned
Conditional Operator
Syntax:
exp1 ? exp2 : exp3
Working of the ? Operator:
exp1 is evaluated first
• if exp1 is true(nonzero) then
- exp2 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the expression
• If exp1 is false(zero) then
- exp3 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the expression
Ex: Ex:
m=2; m=2;
n=3; n=3;
r=(m>n) ? m : n; r=(m<n) ? m : n;
Value of r will be 3 Value of r will be 2
Bitwise Operator
Operato Meaning
r
& Bitwise AND
| Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise exclusive OR
<< Shift left
>> Shift right
Bitwise Operator Examples
8 = 1000 (In Binary)
6 = 0110 (In Binary)
Bitwise & (AND) Bitwise | (OR)
int a=8,b=6,c; int a=8,b=6,c;
c = a & b; c = a | b;
cout<<"Output ="<< c; cout<<"Output ="<< c;
Output = 0 Output = 14
Bitwise << (Shift Left) Bitwise >> (Shift Right)
int a=8,b=6,c; int a=8,b=6,c;
c = a << 1; c = a >> 1;
cout<<"Output ="<< c; cout<<"Output ="<< c;
Output = 16 Output = 4
left shifting is the equivalent of right shifting is the equivalent
multiplying a by a power of two of dividing a by a power of two
New Operators in C++
It allows to access to the global
version of variable
:: Scope Resolution Declares a pointer to a member of
::* Pointer-to-member declarator a class
Type Conversion
Implicit Explicit
(Automatically converts (Forcefully converts one
one datatype to another datatype to another
datatype) datatype)
long
double double
float
long int
unsigned
int int
char
Implicit Type Conversion
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
ans = count * avg
int main()
{ 5 10.01
int count = 5;
float avg = 10.01; double int float
double ans;
5.0 *
ans = count * avg;
float
50.05
cout<<"Answer=:"<<ans; 50.05
return 0; float
double
}
Output:
Answer = 50.05
Type Casting
• In C++ explicit type conversion is called type casting.
• Syntax
type-name (expression) //C++ notation
• Example
average = sum/(float) i; //C notation
average = sum/float (i); //C++ notation
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
Type Casting Example
{
int a, b, c;
a = 19.99 + 11.99; //adds the values as float
// then converts the result to int
b = (int) 19.99 + (int) 11.99; // old C syntax
c = int (19.99) + int (11.99); // new C++ syntax
char ch = 'Z';
cout << "The code for " << ch << " is "; //print as char
cout << int(ch) << endl; //print as int
return 0;
}
Output:
a = 31, b = 30, c = 30
The code for Z is 90
Reference Variable
Reference Variable
• A reference provides an alias or a different name for a
variable.
• One of the most important uses for references is in
passing arguments to functions. declares variable a
int a=5;
int &ans = a; declares ans as reference to a
OUTPUT Its necessary to
cout<<"a="<<a<<endl; a=5 initialize the
cout<<"&a="<<&a<<endl; &a=0x6ffe34 Reference at the
time of declaration
cout<<"ans="<<ans<<endl; ans=5
cout<<"&ans="<<&ans<<endl; &ans=0x6ffe34
ans++;
cout<<"a="<<a<<endl; a=6
cout<<"ans="<<ans<<endl; ans=6
Reference Variable(Cont…)
• C++ references allow you to create a second name for the a
variable.
• Reference variable for the purpose of accessing and modifying
the value of the original variable even if the second name (the
reference) is located within a different scope.
Reference Vs Pointer
References Pointers
int i; int *p = &i;
int &r = i;
p
addr
r i
addr
A reference is a A pointer is a variable
variable which refers which stores the address
to another variable. of another variable.
Enumeration
Enumeration (A user defined Data Type)
• An enumeration is set of named integer constants.
• Enumerations are defined much like structures.
enum days{Sun,Mon,Tues,Wed,Thur,Fri,Sat};
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Keyword
Tag
name Integer Values for symbolic constants