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02 - Unit I - Fundamental Steps - Key Components 06.07.2017

The document provides an introduction to digital image processing. It defines what a digital image is, explaining that it is a discretized 2D function representing light intensity over spatial coordinates. A digital image is represented as a matrix with discrete rows, columns, and pixel intensity values. The key types of digital images are described as binary, grayscale, color, and indexed images depending on the number of bits and color components per pixel.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

16 views58 pages

02 - Unit I - Fundamental Steps - Key Components 06.07.2017

Uploaded by

D.BASKAR HICET STAFF ECE

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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LECTURE-2

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 1

RECAP

image?
Origins
Digital image processing application areas

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 2

Introduction to Image Processing

What is a digital image?

What is digital image processing?
Digital image processing application areas
Key stages in digital image processing

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 3

What is an image?
An image refers to a
2D light intensity
function f(x,y)
Where
(x,y) denote spatial
coordinates and
f(x,y) is a value
proportional to the
brightness or gray
levels of the image at
that point

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 4

What is a Digital Image?
is an image f(x,y)
Origin
that has been x
discretized both in
spatial coordinates
& brightness.

f(x,y)
That is x, y, f(x,y) are
discrete and finite
y

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 5

What is a Digital Image?
Image size =
Origin
max(x) × max(y) x
-- e.g. 640x480

Pixel intensity value

f(x,y) ∈ [0, 255] f(x,y)

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 6

Digital Image Representation
Origin
x

f(x,y)

y
Image is seen as a discrete function f(x,y) as
opposed to a continuous function
x and y cannot take on any value!

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing

7
Digital Image Representation
Origin f(0,0)
x
x

f(x,y)

f(?,?)
y
f(2,6)
y

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing

8
Digital Image Representation
A digital image
is an image f(x,y) that has been discretized both in
spatial coordinates and brightness.

A digital image :
A matrix whose row and column indices identify a point
in the image and the corresponding matrix element gives
the grey level at that point.

pixels or pels :
The image elements of such a digital image.

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 9

Digital Image
Digital image =
a multidimensional array of numbers
(such as intensity image)
or vectors (such as color image)

Each component in the

image called pixel associates 10 10 16 28
with the pixel value (a single  9 656 7026
56  43
37  78
 32 99 54 7096 56
 67 
number in the case of 
15 256013902296   67
  21  54 47  42 
intensity images or a vector 32  158587 853943  92
54  65 65 39 
in the case of color images). 32 65 87 99

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 10

Types of Digital Images
Binary
1 bit/pixel (black & white image)

Grayscale
8 bit/pixel (gray image)

Color image
true color: 24 bit/pixel(Red, Green Blue)

Indexed image
8 bit/pixel (color image with 256 colors)

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 11

Digital Image Types : Intensity Image

Intensity image or monochrome

image
each pixel corresponds to light
intensity normally represented in
gray scale (gray level).

Gray scale values

10 10 16 28
 9 6 26 37
 
15 25 13 22 
 
32 15 87 39

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 12

Digital Image Types : RGB Image

Color image or RGB image:

each pixel contains a vector
representing red, green and
blue components.

RGB components
10 10 16 28
 9 656 70 26
56  43
3756  78
 32 99 70
54 96  67 
15  256013 902296   67
  21  54 47  42 
32 15 87 39
  85 85 43  92
54  65 65 39 
32 65 87 99
09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 13
Image Types : Binary Image
Binary image or
black and white image
Each pixel contains one bit :
1 represent white
0 represents black

Binary data
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
 
1 1 1 1
 
1 1 1 1

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 14

Image Types : Index Image
Index image
Each pixel contains index number
pointing to a color in a color table

Color Table
Index Red Green Blue
No. component component component

1 0.1 0.5 0.3

2 1.0 0.0 0.0
1 4 9
6 4 7  3 0.0 1.0 0.0
 
6 5 2 4 0.5 0.5 0.5
5 0.2 0.8 0.9
Index value … … … …

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 15

What is DIP?
The continuum from image processing to computer
vision can be broken up into low-, mid- and high-
level processes
Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process
Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output:
Understanding
Examples: Noise Examples: Object
removal, image recognition, Examples: Scene
sharpening segmentation understanding,
autonomous navigation

09/17/23 Introduction to Digital Image Processing 16

Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Acquisition
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement