APEX INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Database Management System (22CSH-243)

Faculty: Ms. Shaveta Jain (13464)

Lecture - 1 DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

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Overview of Databases
DBMS: Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
The Course aims to:
• Understand database system concepts and design databases for different applications
and to acquire the knowledge on DBMS and RDBMS.
• Implement and understand different types of DDL, DML and DCL statements.
• Understand transaction concepts related to databases and recovery/backup
techniques required for the proper storage of data.

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COURSE OUTCOMES

On completion of this course, the students shall be able to:-

Understand the database concept, system architecture and role of database
CO1
administrator

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 Unit-1 Syllabus
Unit-1 Introduction to Databases and Relational Algebra
Overview of Database concepts, DBMS, Data Base System Architecture (Three
Databases: Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture), Advantages and Disadvantages of
DBMS, Data Independence, DBA and Responsibilities of DBA,
Relational Data Structure, Keys, Relations, Attributes, Schema and
Instances, Referential integrity, Entity integrity.

Data Models: Relational Model, Network Model, Hierarchical Model, ER Model:

Design, issues, Mapping constraints, ER diagram, Comparison of
Models
Relational Introduction, Syntax, Semantics, Additional operators, Grouping and
Algebra & Ungrouping, Relational comparisons, Tuple Calculus, Domain
Relational Calculus, Calculus Vs Algebra, Computational capabilities
Calculus:
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Outline

• Overview of Databases
• Database concepts, DBMS,
• Importance of DBMS
• Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS
• DBA and Responsibilities of DBA

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Common Terminologies
• Data: Facts, figures, statistics etc. having no particular meaning (e.g.
1, ABC, 19 etc).

• Record: Collection of related data items, e.g. in the above example the
three data items had no meaning. But if we organize them in the
following way, then they collectively represent meaningful
information.

https://beginnersbook.com/2015/04/e-r-model-in-dbms/

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Cont…
• Table or Relation: Collection of related records

https://beginnersbook.com/2015/04/e-r-model-in-dbms/

The columns of this relation are called Fields, Attributes or Domains. The rows are called Tuples or Records.

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Cont…
• Database: Collection of related relations. Consider the following
collection of tables:

https://beginnersbook.com/2015/04/e-r-model-in-dbms/

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Files and Databases
• File: A collection of records or documents dealing with one organization, person,
area or subject (Rowley)
• Manual (paper) files
• Computer files
• Database: A collection of similar records with relationships between the records
(Rowley)
• Bibliographic, statistical, business data, images, etc.

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Purpose of DBMS
• In the early days, database applications were built directly on top of file systems
• Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
• Data redundancy and inconsistency
• Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files
• Difficulty in accessing data
• Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
• Data isolation — multiple files and formats
• Integrity problems
• Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become “buried” in
program code rather than being stated explicitly
• Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
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Cont…
• Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
• Atomicity of updates
• Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates carried out
• Example: Transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or
not happen at all
• Concurrent access by multiple users
• Concurrent accessed needed for performance
• Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
• Example: Two people reading a balance and updating it at the same time
• Security problems
• Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data
• Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems

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Importance of DBMS
• It helps make data management more efficient and effective.
• Its query language allows quick answers to ad hoc queries.
• It provides end users better access to more and better-managed data.
• It promotes an integrated view of organization’s operations -- “big picture.”
• It reduces the probability of inconsistent data.
• Data Independence
• Efficient data access
• Data integrity and security
• Data administration
• Concurrent access and crash recovery
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Examples of Database application
• Banking: all transactions
• Airlines: reservations, schedules
• Universities: registration, grades
• Sales: customers, products, purchases
• Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations
• Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
• Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions

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Database users
• Data Base Administrator (DBA):-
• Authorizing access to the database
• Coordinating and monitoring its use
• Acquiring software and hardware resources
• Database designers are responsible for:
• Identifying the data to be stored
• Choosing appropriate structures to represent and store this data
• System analysts
• Determine requirements of end users
• Application programmers
• Implement these specifications as programs
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Cont…
• End users : People whose jobs require access to the database
• Types
• Casual end users: access database occasionally by sophisticated query language when
needed.
(Manager)
• Naive or parametric end users: they make up a large section of the end-user population.
Learn only a few facilities that they may use repeatedly
(bank clerk)
• Sophisticated end users: These include business analysts, scientists, engineers, others
thoroughly familiar with the system capabilities.
• Standalone users: Normal users

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Database Administrator
• Coordinates all the activities of the database system
• has a good understanding of the enterprise’s information resources and needs.
• Database administrator's duties include:
• Schema definition
• Storage structure and access method definition
• Schema and physical organization modification
• Granting users authority to access the database
• Backing up data
• Monitoring performance and responding to changes
• Database tuning

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Database Management System(DBMS)

https://beginnersbook.com/2015/04/e-r-model-in-dbms/

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Summary

In the early days, database applications were built directly on top of file
systems but due to many drawbacks of the file systems there is a need
for the paradigm shift from file systems to the Database Management
Systems.

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 FAQs

• Why the paradigm shift from file system to database system is important?
• What is the importance of Database Management System?
• List some of the applications of DBMS.
• What is DBA?
• What are the role and responsibilities of DBA.
References
• RamezElmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, “Fundamentals of Database System”, The
Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Co.
• Korth and Silberschatz Abraham, “Database System Concepts”, McGraw Hall.
• C.J.Date, “An Introduction to Database Systems”, Addison Wesley.
• Thomas M. Connolly, Carolyn & E. Begg, “Database Systems: A Practical Approach to
Design, Implementation and Management”, 5/E, University of Paisley, Addison-
Wesley.

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THANK YOU

For queries
Email: [email protected]

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