Sampling

Population Sample
 Population Sample

a collection of all
part or subset
the elements
of the population
under
from which the
consideration in
information is
a statistical
collected
study
Three Reasons Why Samples are Used in
Statistics

Saves time

Saves money

Used when population is too large or infinite

It is a process used in statistical
analysis in which a predetermined
number of observations are taken from
a larger population. There are various
sampling methods that allow all the
units in the population to have an equal
chance of being selected.

Sampling
A sample should be representative
of the population.

Sampling Methods
 Definition of Terms
Target population - population from which
information is desired
Sampled Population (Sampling frame) - collection
of elements from which the sample is actually
taken
Population frame - list of all the individual units in
the population

Example: You are doing research on environment

of your school. The population is 1000 students.
Your sampling frame is the school registrar
database which lists the names of every student.
 Sampling Methods

Probability Non-probability
 Probability Non-probability
Sampling Sampling
-gives every “zero chance”
element of the involves non-random
population a selection based on
nonzero chance of convenience or other
being selected in criteria, allowing you
the sample to easily collect initial
data.

Sampling Methods
Probability Sampling
 Every member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected. Your sampling frame
should include the whole population.

Example: You are doing research on

environment of your school. The population is
1000 students. Your sampling frame is the
school registrar database which lists the
names of every student.

1. Simple Random Sampling

In this method, how will you select
your samples?
Lottery Method
Every member is assigned a unique
number. These numbers are put in a jar and
thoroughly mixed. After that, the
researcher picks some numbers without
looking at them, and those individuals whose
assigned numbers are picked are included in
the study.

The samples can be selected through:

How we will identify the desire number of
samples needed given a certain
population?
1. Make a list of the sampling units and number
them from 1 to N. N is the last number
2. Select n numbers from 1 to N using the
following random process: (a) chips/draw lots;
(b) table random numbers (c) using Calculator
ran#( )
3. The sample consists of the units
corresponding to the selected random numbers.
4. Use the Slovin’s Formula.

Sample Selection Procedure:

where:
sample size
margin of error,
population size

Slovin’s Formula
Example: 0.05; 100

(sample size)
This can be done by listing all the elements in
the population and selecting every element in
your population list. This is equally precise as
the simple random sampling.
It is often used on long population lists. To
determine the interval to be used in
identifying the samples to who will participate
in the study, use the formula
(population/sample size).

2. Systematic Random Sampling

Example:
All employees of the company are listed in
alphabetical order. From the first 10 numbers,
you randomly select a starting point: number 6.
From number 6 onwards, every 10th person on
the list is selected (6, 16, 26, 36, and so on), and
you end up with a sample of 100 people.

Sample Selection Procedure:

1. Number the units of the population
consecutively from 1 to N.
2. Determine the k, sampling interval

where :
N = pop’n size
n = sample size every kth unit will be part
of the samples.

Sample Selection Procedure:

3. Choose a random start, r, between 1 to
k (i.e. 1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑘). The unit corresponding to
r is the first unit of the sample.

4. The other units of the sample

correspond to 𝑟 +𝑘, 𝑟 + 2𝑘, 𝑟 + 3𝑘 and so
on.

Sample Selection Procedure:

N= 1000; n=250
to “stratify” means to divide

involves dividing the population into subpopulations

that may differ in important ways.
It allows you draw more precise conclusions by
ensuring that every subgroup is properly represented
in the sample.

3. Stratified Random Sampling

To use this sampling method, you divide the
population into subgroups (called strata) based on the
relevant characteristic (e.g. gender, age range,
income bracket, job role).
Based on the overall proportions of the population,
you calculate how many people should be sampled
from each subgroup. Then you use random or
systematic sampling to select a sample from each
subgroup.

3. Stratified Random Sampling

The company has 800 female employees and 200
male employees. You want to ensure that the sample
reflects the gender balance of the company, so you
sort the population into two strata based on gender.
Then you use random sampling on each group,
selecting 80 women and 20 men, which gives you a
representative sample of 100 people.

Example:
Steps:
1. Divide the population into subpopulation
called STRATA.

2. Apply SRS to draw samples from each

stratum independently.
Sample Allocation:

a. Equal Allocation Notations:

= no. of samples in each stratum
L = no. of strata,
n = sample size

Formula:
Sample Allocation:
b. Proportional Allocation Notations:
= no. of samples in each stratum
n = sample size
N = pop’n size
=number of population in each stratum

Formula:
Method of sampling where a sample of
distinct groups, or clusters, of elements is
selected and then a census of every element in
the selected clusters is taken.

Cluster Sampling
A multistage sampling method adopted
when it is either impossible or
impractical to compile an exhaustive list
of elements found in the target
population. The whole population is
subdivided into clusters, or groups, and
random samples are then collected from
each group.

Cluster Sampling
Sample Selection Procedure:
1. Number the clusters from 1 to N.
2. Select n number from 1 to N at random. The clusters
corresponding to the selected number s form the
sample of clusters.
3. Observe/Census all the elements in the sample of
clusters.

Cluster Sampling
Example
The company has offices in 10 cities across
the country (all with roughly the same number
of employees in similar roles). You don’t have
the capacity to travel to every office to collect
your data, so you use random sampling to
select 3 offices – these are your clusters.

Cluster Sampling
Example
A researcher wants to survey about the
academic performance of high school students in
the municipality of Libon. He can divide the
entire population into
different clusters (barangays). Then, the
researcher will select a number
of barangays depending on his research through
simple or systematic random sampling. The
researcher could draw random samples from the
selected barangays through simple random
sampling or take them all.

Cluster Sampling
Sampling Methods Type of Sample
• Simple Random • Simple Random
Sampling Sample
• Systematic • Systematic
Random Sampling Random Sample
• Stratified Random • Stratified Random
Sampling Sample
• Cluster Sampling • Cluster Sample
Group 1: Perform the Simple Random Sampling
(with )
Group 2: Perform the Systematic Random
Sampling
Group 3: Perform the Stratified Random
Sampling (Equal Allocation with n=77)
Group 4: Perform the Stratified Random
Sampling (Proportional Allocation with n=77)

Activity
Identify the type of random sampling technique used
by the researcher in each situation.
1. A researcher chose the participants of his
study by selecting every 8th member of the
population.
2. A researcher interviewed all the teachers in
each of 15 randomly selected public schools in
Libon.
3. A researcher interviewed people from each
barangay in the municipality of Libon, Albay for
his research on population.
4. A researcher is doing a study on the students’
reaction to the newly implemented curriculum in
Mathematics and interviewed every 5th student
entering the gate of the school.
5. A researcher randomly selected 15 barangays
in a town for her study. She did this by writing
the names of each barangay on a piece of paper
which she folded and put in a bowl then she draws
15 pieces of paper from the bowl.
6. A researcher selected a sample of from a
population of 900 by using the lottery.
7. A researcher interviewed all the nurses in each of
the 5 randomly selected private hospitals in Libon.
8. A statistician selected a sample of high school
students from San Vicente National High School with
600 students. He randomly selected the students from
each grade level
9. A Statistics student did a research on the time
spent by Grade 11 and 12 students in playing Mobile
Legends. He randomly selected his subjects by using
the calculator key “Ranlnt()”
10. A teacher conducted a study in her school to
determine who were better in mathematics: the males
or the females.
Non-probability
sampling
- selects sampling units that come to hand or are
convenient to get information from - “haphazard”
Example: You are researching opinions about student
support services in your university, so after each of
your classes, you ask your fellow students to complete
a survey on the topic. This is a convenient way to
gather data, but as you only surveyed students taking
the same classes as you at the same level, the sample is
not representative of all the students at your university.

Convenience Sampling
- selects a specified number (quota) of
sampling units possessing certain
characteristics

2. Quota Sampling
- selects sample in accordance with an
expert’s judgment - “bias”

3. Judgment Sampling
Similar to a convenience sample, a voluntary response
sample is mainly based on ease of access. Instead of
the researcher choosing participants and directly
contacting them, people volunteer themselves (e.g. by
responding to a public online survey).
Voluntary response samples are always at least
somewhat biased, as some people will inherently be
more likely to volunteer than others.

4. Voluntary response sampling

Example
You send out the survey to all students at your
university and a lot of students decide to complete it.
This can certainly give you some insight into the topic,
but the people who responded are more likely to be
those who have strong opinions about the student
support services, so you can’t be sure that their
opinions are representative of all students.
This type of sampling involves the researcher using
their judgement to select a sample that is most useful to
the purposes of the research.

It is often used in qualitative research, where the

researcher wants to gain detailed knowledge about a
specific phenomenon rather than make statistical
inferences. An effective purposive sample must have
clear criteria and rationale for inclusion.

5. Purposive sampling
Example
You want to know more about the opinions and
experiences of disabled students at your university,
so you purposefully select a number of students with
different support needs in order to gather a varied
range of data on their experiences with student
services.

5. Purposive sampling
If the population is hard to access, snowball
sampling can be used to recruit participants
via other participants. The number of people
you have access to “snowballs” as you get in
contact with more people.

6. Snowball sampling
Example
You are researching experiences of
homelessness in your city. Since there is no
list of all homeless people in the city,
probability sampling isn’t possible. You meet
one person who agrees to participate in the
research, and she puts you in contact with
other homeless people that she knows in the
area.

6. Snowball sampling