The human eye is an adaptive optical system composed of multiple components that work together to form images on the retina. The main components include the cornea, which provides around 43 diopters of refractive power; the iris and pupil, which regulate the amount of light entering the eye; the crystalline lens, which provides around 15-18 diopters of power and allows for accommodation; and the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Together, these components act as an optical pathway that focuses light and forms images similarly to a camera.
The human eye is an adaptive optical system composed of multiple components that work together to form images on the retina. The main components include the cornea, which provides around 43 diopters of refractive power; the iris and pupil, which regulate the amount of light entering the eye; the crystalline lens, which provides around 15-18 diopters of power and allows for accommodation; and the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Together, these components act as an optical pathway that focuses light and forms images similarly to a camera.
The human eye is an adaptive optical system composed of multiple components that work together to form images on the retina. The main components include the cornea, which provides around 43 diopters of refractive power; the iris and pupil, which regulate the amount of light entering the eye; the crystalline lens, which provides around 15-18 diopters of power and allows for accommodation; and the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Together, these components act as an optical pathway that focuses light and forms images similarly to a camera.
The human eye is an adaptive optical system composed of multiple components that work together to form images on the retina. The main components include the cornea, which provides around 43 diopters of refractive power; the iris and pupil, which regulate the amount of light entering the eye; the crystalline lens, which provides around 15-18 diopters of power and allows for accommodation; and the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Together, these components act as an optical pathway that focuses light and forms images similarly to a camera.
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OPTICAL SYSTEM OF HUMAN
EYE Learning outcomes Optical system introduction Components of optical pathway Cornea Iris and pupil Lens Viterious Retina Camera and the eye Questions Introduction • Eye is a compound optical system.
• It is an adaptive optical system.
• Various elements in the path of light.
COMPONENTS of light pathway 1. The Cornea 2. The Anterior Chamber 3. The Iris and Pupil 4. The Crystalline Lens 5. The Retina The Cornea Reasons of refraction.
Curvature.
Significant difference in refractive
indices of air and cornea.
Cornea is a highly transparent
The Corneal Shape
Meniscus lens. Vertical diameter slightly less than horizontal. • Front apical radius 7.7mm = 48.83 D • Back apical radius 6.8mm = -5.88 D Actual refractive index of cornea = 1.376 Power of Cornea = +43 D Not optically homogeneous. The Anterior Chamber • Cavity between cornea and iris.
• Filled with aqueous humour, water content 98%.
• Depth of A.C. about 2.5 – 4.0mm.
• Refractive index of aqueous humour – 1.336
The Iris and Pupil • Regulate amount of light entering of eye.
• Effect on quality of images.
• At 2.4mm pupil size, best retinal image obtained as
aberration and diffraction are balanced.
• Size can be effected by external or secondary
agencies – Drugs, Emotions, etc. Pupil Size and Effects • Pinhole aperture if placed, size of blur circle reduce. - Uncorrected myopia individual squint to obtain a pinhole effect. • Pinhole improvement- Possibility of corneal/lenticular light scattering, irregular astigmation.
• Average size: 2.4mm
• Small pupil Depth of focus increases. : Concept used as pinhole test in refraction. • Large pupil Retinal image quality improves. : Size of blur circle increases. The Crystalline Lens • Thickness Birth 3.5 - 4mm. Adult 4.75 – 5mm. • Radius of curvature Anterior surface 10mm. • Refractive index of lens Posterior surface 6mm. Nucleus 1.41 Pole 1.385 Equator 1.375 • Total power. 15 – 18 D • Accomodative power At Birth 14 – 16 D At Adult 7 – 8 D At 50 years 1 – 2 D Accomodation • Provide a mechanisms of focusing at different distance.
Vitreous • Refractive index same as a aqueous. The Retina • Maximum resolving power of fovea. • A concave spherical surface with r = -12mm • Advantage of curvature of retina over plane image forming surface of camera as and optical instruments. • The curved images formed by the optical system is brought in the right order. • A much wider field of view is covered by the steeply curved retina. Camera • Eye lids Shutter
• Lens Focusing system
• Cornea Focusing system
• Iris Diaphragm
• Choroid Dark chamber
• Retina Light sensitive
Transparency of lens
• During early stages – Opaque.
• Later on becomes transparent. • Avascular. • Absences of chromophores. • Presence of highly organised structure. • Perfect packing of crystalline cause minimal light scatter. • Newly formed cortical fibers do not scatter light. • Regular arrangement of lens fibers with minimal intracellular space. • Combined refractive index of epithelial layer and the capsule same as aqueous. Questions? 1. How the eye and camera are same? 2. What do you understand by optical system? 3. Write down the component of optical system Questions? MCQs 1. Eye is an …… optical system. A: Single B: Compound C: Adaptive D: Both B and C 2. Iris in the eye act as …….. In the camera? A: Shutter B: Dark chamber C: Diaphragm D: None of the above 3. Lens in early stages is? A: Transparent B: Opacified C: Opaque D: None of the above THANK YOU
