10 Hours Construction Industry

Day-2

Based on OSHA Standard

Prepared by: Orascom Construction

 Fire Safety

Confined Space Entry

Excavation and Trenching

Day-2 Contents Cranes, Lifting and Rigging

Hazard Communication

Electrical Safety

Heavy Equipment
 Topic-4

Fire Safety
Fire Safety

Contents
• Types and causes of fires
• Fire Triangle/ Tetrahedron
• Types of fire extinguishers
• Firefighting methods
• Distribution of Fire extinguishers
• Firefighting Rules
Definitions

• Fire
Fire is an oxidation process that
emits light, heat and other
products of combustion.

• Oxidization
Oxidization is the process of
oxidizing; the addition of oxygen
to a compound
Fire Triangle Vs Fire
Tetrahedron • In the presence of oxygen, fuel,
and elevated temperature, an
uninhibited chain reaction can
produce a flaming fire.
Understanding Fire
Chemistry
Fuel

Fuel can be in the form of

• Solids
• Liquids
• Gases
Understanding Fire Chemistry

Oxygen
• Removing or lowering oxygen
levels is difficult because a fire
needs about the same amount
for burning that human needs
for breathing
• Normal oxygen levels are 21%;
oxygen levels shall not be less
than 16%
Understanding Fire
Chemistry
Heat/ Ignition source
The energy required to increase the temperature of the
flammable or combustible material to produce adequate
amount of flammable vapors.

Sources of Ignition
• Electrical Equipment
• Friction
• Open Flames
• Smoking and Matches
• Hot Surfaces
• Static Electricity
• Auto-Ignition
 Flash Point
Flash Point • The lowest temperature of the liquid at which
sufficient vapors is given off to flash, i.e. ignite
Vs Fire momentarily, when a source of ignition is
Point applied.

Fire Point
• The lowest temperature at which the application
of an ignition source will lead to continuing
burning
Flash Point
Vs. Fire Point
Auto-Ignition Temperature

• The lowest temperature at which the substance will ignite without the
application of an external ignition source.
Aluminum
Autoignition
Flash Point,
Fire Point&
Autoignition
Fire Theory

• Fire is the process in which substances combine chemically with oxygen from the air and typically
give out bright light, heat, and smoke.

• Neither liquids nor solids burn, only the vapor given off by them when they are heated and then
only when it has been mixed with oxygen and the temperature of this mixture has been raised to a
point at which it will burst into flame.

• Mixtures of dispersed combustible materials (such as gaseous or vaporized fuels, and some dusts)
and oxygen in the air will burn only if the fuel concentration lies within well-defined lower and
upper bounds determined experimentally, referred to as flammability limits or explosive limits
Types of Fires
• Type A
• Type B
• Type C
• Type D
• Type K (F)
 Type A Fires
• Fires involving combustible solids such as wood, paper,
cloth and some types of plastics.

• Suitable Firefighting agents for Type A Fire are Water and

Dry Chemical (ABC) fire extinguishers.

• Characteristics
o Does not produce much heat allowing fire fighters to
extinguish the fire from closer distances.
o Does not depend totally on the air oxygen (pores contains
oxygen).
o Spreads slowly
o Generates heavy white smoke
o Does not boil or explode
o Does not produce toxic gases
 Type B Fires
• Fires involving flammable and combustible liquids, greases, oils,
oil base-paints gases and some types of solids that melt before
burning.
• Suitable Fire fighting agents for Type B Fires are Foam, CO2 and
Dry Chemical (ABC).

• Characteristics of Flammable Liquids

o Needs Oxygen air
o Ignites and spreads quickly, boils and may explode; volatile
compounds mix with air forming the flammable mixture; liquids
stored in closed tanks and containers may explode
o Produces heavy black smoke and heat that may reach 3500 c

• Characteristics of Flammable Gases

o Ignites and spreads quickly due to low fire point
o Cause Explosions
o Does not produce smoke in most cases
Propane
Explosion
Type C Fires

• Fires in or near live electrical

equipment and electrical
connections
• Suitable Firefighting agents: CO2
and ABC
• The use of a non conductive
extinguishing agent is of first
importance. The material that is
burning, however, either Class A or
B
• Water, Foam and other agents
containing water shall not be used.
Type D Fires

• Fires that occur in

combustible metals and
metal dusts often used in
industry as magnesium,
titanium, potassium and
sodium.
• Suitable firefighting agents:
Dry chemicals
• Water and CO2 shall not be
used
Type K Fires
• K refers to kitchen fires also known as F Fires
(Fats)
• Fires involving cooking oils and fats
• Suitable firefighting agent is wet chemicals
• Water shall not be used for this type of fire
Kitchen Fires
Types of Fire
Extinguishers
• Water
• Dry Powder
• CO2
• Foam
• Wet Chemical
All types of fire extinguishers
Fire extinguishers are one of three types:
• Cartridge Operated Fire Extinguisher
• Stored Pressure Fire Extinguisher
• External cartridge/ Cylinder fire extinguisher
Water

Decreases the temperature

Evaporates making clouds that

prevent oxygen

Dilutes the concentration of the

flammable/ combustible materials

Makes emulsion with non-soluble

materials
Water-

Positives
• The Most common and the most effective
firefighting method
• Cheap
• Easy to transport, store, use

Limitations
• Material& Property damage
• Spreading liquid fires
• Not suitable with electrical fires
Limitations of Water
Foam
• Isolation; spread across fuel surface or around
obstacles
• Heat Resistant; able to resist the destructive
effect of heat radiated from remaining fire
• Vapor suppression; capable of suppressing the
flammable vapors to break the fire triangle
• Decreases Temperature
• Making emulsion with the material

Limitations
• Not suitable for electrical fires
Foam
Powder Fire
Extinguishers
• Powder fire extinguishers are suitable for
solids (A), liquids, gases(B) and electrical
fires(C); the type of fire is normally written
on the fire extinguisher.
• Isolation; covers fuel surface preventing O2
• Absorbs free radicals and stops chain
reaction.

Limitations
• Negative effect on sensitive electrical
components/ electronics.
CO2
• Reduces levels of oxygen breaking the fire triangle.
• Reduces the heat
• Suitable with sensitive electrical components
(electronics).

Limitation
• Shall not be used with type D fires
• Health effects from reduced levels of oxygen.
Wet Chemical

• Organic chemicals producing types of foam

suitable for kitchen oils and fats.

Limitations
• Conductive; Not suitable for electrical fires
 Methods of
Firefighting
To put off fire you have to
break one of the four
elements; Oxygen, fuel, Heat
or chain reaction
Distribution of Fire
Extinguishers
• The maximum distance to reach the fire extinguisher shall not
exceed 25 meters
• All fire extinguishers shall be at least 10 cm from the floor
• Labels on the firefighting equipment shall be readable from 1 meter
• Signs displayed on the walls shall be readable from 8 meters
How to use a fire
Extinguisher
 Case Study
Identify the mistakes
Answer
 Topic-5

Confined Space
Entry
 Understanding the meaning
of confined space
Confined Space hazards
Contents
Entering permit required
confined spaces
Emergency procedures
Confined Spaces

Spaces that meet all of the following

criteria must be identified as a confined
space:
o A space that is large enough and so
configured that an employee can bodily
enter and perform assigned work.
o A space that is not intended for
continuous employee occupancy.
o A space that has limited or restricted
means for worker entry or exit due to the
number, size or location of openings.
Examples

• Silos
• Tanks
• Manholes
• Boilers
• Furnaces
• Pipes
• Tunnels
• Channels
• Ducts
Possible Hazards In
Confined Spaces

• Oxygen deficient and enriched

atmospheres (19.5%- 23.5%)
• Toxic atmospheres
• Flammable atmospheres
• Mechanical and Physical hazards
• Engulfment
Oxygen Deficiency
• An atmosphere containing less than 19.5%
oxygen is considered oxygen deficient.
• The oxygen level inside a confined space may
be decreased as the result of either
consumption or displacement. Note: Oxygen
is consumed during combustion of flammable
materials, as in welding, cutting, or brazing.
• Oxygen can also be consumed during
chemical reactions such as in the formation of
rust on the exposed surfaces
• Oxygen levels can also be reduced as the
result of oxygen displacement by other gases
Case Study-
Oxygen
Deficiency
Oxygen
Enrichment
• Oxygen enriched atmospheres are
those atmospheres which contain
an oxygen concentration greater
than 23.5%.
• Oxygen enriched atmospheres
cause flammable and combustible
materials to burn violently when
ignited
• Never use Pure Oxygen to ventilate
• Never store or place compressed
tanks in a confined space
Case Study-
Effect of O2
Oxygen
Deficiency and
Enrichment
Flammable
Atmospheres
• Flammable atmospheres are generally the
result of flammable gases, vapors, dust
mixed in certain concentrations with air, or
an oxygen-enriched atmosphere.

• Combustible gases or vapors can

accumulate within a confined space when
there is inadequate ventilation.
LEL& UEL

• Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) = minimum

concentration of a flammable gas or
vapor in air which will ignite if an
ignition source is present. At
concentrations lower than the LEL, the
mixture is too “lean” to burn.
• Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) = highest
concentration of a substance in air that
will produce a flash of fire when an
ignition source (heat, arc, or flame) is
present. At concentrations higher than
the UEL, the mixture is too “rich” to
burn.
Flammability
Limits
Toxic Atmospheres
• Chemical substances stored in the confined space may
cause a toxic atmosphere.
• Toxic fumes produced by processes near the confined
space may enter and accumulate in the confined space

• Hazardous fumes or atmosphere may result from:

o Products or substances absorbed by the walls giving off
toxic vapors when removed or when the residual
material is cleaned up.
o Toxic vapors from products or substances remaining in
the atmosphere due to poor ventilation.
o Toxic vapor resulting from work being conducted inside
the confined space
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) TWA 10 PPM
H2S
Case Study- Toxic
Gases
H2S Accident
Carbon Monoxide
(CO) 35

• Colorless odorless gas

• Generates from incomplete combustion
• High levels of CO can cause death
Case Study- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Engulfment
• The surrounding and effective capture of a
person by a liquid or finely divided (flowable)
solid substance that can be aspirated to
cause death by filling or plugging the
respiratory system or that can exert enough
force on the body to cause death by
strangulation, constriction, crushing, or
suffocation
 Mechanical and Physical Hazards
• Conditions such as rotating or moving mechanical parts or energy sources.

Other Hazards • Physical factors such as heat, cold, noise, vibration, and fatigue that can contribute to accidents.
• Slippery surfaces
• Falling objects
Entering Permit Required Confined
Spaces
• General Requirement

– Before entry into any permit required confined space, the following general procedures shall be followed:

o Guard or barricade entry opening to prevent unauthorized entry; and to protect entrants from external hazards.
o All hazards of the permit space must be identified and evaluated before employees are allowed to enter.
o Prior to entry, atmospheric testing shall be completed.
o The permit space must be isolated.
o Atmospheric hazards must be eliminated or controlled by removal or ventilation.
o Emergency communication equipment (at a minimum, a two-way radio) should be at the site.
o The attendant (stand-by person) must be stationed at the site trained equivalent to the entrant and also trained in the duties of the attendant.
o All entrants must be trained in the duties of the entrant and their names must be filled in on the permit.
o Equipment needed for safe entry, egress or rescue shall be provided.
o Employees who enter the confined space have a right to review and observe all checks on the confined space prior to entering the space.
o The Entry Supervisor shall complete the confined space entry permit before approval can be given to enter a permit-required confined space.
Confined Space Entry Permit
The following requirement must be recorded on the entry work permit:

o Permit space to be entered, purpose of the entry, and date and authorized
duration of the entry permit.
o Names of authorized entrants (or suitable tracking system).
o Current attendants' names.
o Entry supervisor's name and signature, including original authorizing
supervisor,
o Hazards of the space.
o Measures used to isolate the space and to eliminate or control the space
hazards, before entry.
o Acceptable entry conditions.
o Results of initial and periodic tests accompanied by the names or initials of
the testers and time of the tests.
o Available rescue and emergency services and how to summon them.
o Communication procedures used by entrants and attendants to maintain
contact during entry.
o Equipment, such as personal protective equipment, alarm systems and
rescue equipment, to be provided.
o Any other pertinent information necessary to ensure entrant safety and
additional permits, such as hot work that has been issued to authorize work
in the space.
Control Measures- Air Monitoring
Prior To Entry:
• Air monitoring shall be completed to test for oxygen levels, flammability, and for
Hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and any other suspected or known atmospheric
hazard.
• Entry is not allowed if Oxygen levels are less than 19.5% or more than 23.5% by volume.
• Entry is not allowed if concentration of Flammable/Explosive Gases, vapors or mists are
above 10% of the Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) or Lower Explosive Limit (LEL).
• Entry is not allowed if toxin levels of carbon monoxide less than the PEL, (>35ppm)
• 4. Entry is not allowed if toxin levels of hydrogen sulfide less than the PEL (>10ppm). b.
Other atmospheric conditions, such as temperature extremes, that may present a
hazard must also be monitored.

Air Monitoring During Entry

• Prior to every entry when the space is vacant;
• After a 10 minute ventilation period (if ventilation is necessary);
• At least hourly for permit-required confined spaces.
• More frequently, if conditions or suspicions warrant.
• Entrant(s) must leave the space immediately if atmospheric conditions develop outside
the acceptable limits.
Ventilation
• If the atmosphere is found to lack oxygen or to contain
unsafe levels of toxic gas or vapor, the space must be
mechanically ventilated to acceptable levels before entry.
• Use of an air blower is required to ensure acceptable
environmental conditions.
• Place the air blower intake sufficiently upwind or away
from the entry point to prevent mixing of the intake air
with exhausted air.
Other Control
Measures

Flushin
Inerting LOTO
g
 Training
All personnel working in and around confined spaces must receive training
Attendant
• Monitoring
• Communication
• Sign-in& Sign-out
Rescue and Emergency Services
• An attendant for the confined space will have
access to a telephone and know the proper
procedure for alerting the proper personnel
in the event of an emergency, including the
fire department, paramedics, police, and
others as necessary.
• Provisions will be made and equipment
provided to ensure timely extraction of an
unconscious or injured worker from the
confined space.
• Rescue equipment will include a body
harness with a lifeline attached to a tripod
and rescue winch.
• Under no circumstances is the attendant to
enter the space to effect rescue;
• Rescue operations must be left to trained
personnel.
Rescue
Summary
 Topic-6

Excavation and
Trenching
 Understand the meaning and consequences
of Cave Ins.

Identify and evaluate the hazards of

excavations.

Contents
Classify soil types and their stability.

Identify and Implement adequate methods

and protective systems to control excavation
hazards.
 Basic
Definitions
Cave Ins

• Soil weighs about 125 pounds per cubic foot.

When wet, it can weigh as much as 145 pounds
per cubic foot.
• The cave-in is dangerous when it includes a
sufficient quantity of soil or rock to entrap, bury,
injure, or otherwise immobilize a person.
• Obviously you can suffocate if completely buried,
but you may not realize that you can suffocate
even when the nose and mouth aren’t buried. If
you are buried up to the neck, the soil puts over
800 pounds of force on the chest and makes it
almost impossible to breathe.
• Soil creates a suction effect that makes it very
difficult to rescue a person immobilized by a
cave-in (even when not considering the danger of
further cave-in). For example, it takes about 750
pounds of force to remove a leg that is buried by
soil.
 Soil
Instability
Cave-ins
Hazards of
Excavation

• Surface encumbrances
• Utilities
• Access/Egress
• Vehicle traffic
• Falling loads
• Mobile equipment
• Hazardous atmospheres
• Water accumulation
• Adjacent structures
• Loose rock or soil
• Falls
• Cave-in
 Pre
Excavation
Requirements
Underground&
Overhead Utilities
Underground Utilities
• locate underground utilities use site maps,
utility locators
• Disconnecting of powerlines and other
utilities where possible
• Removing/ supporting cables

Overhead Utilities
• De-energization
• Safe Distance
Underground
Utilities

Caution Tapes
At 60 cm from the utilities
Access and
Egress
• If a trench or excavation is 4
feet or deeper, stairways,
ramps, or ladders will be used
as a safe means of access and
egress.
• For trenches, the employee
must not have to travel any
more than 25 feet of lateral
travel to reach the stairway,
ramp, or ladder
General
Traffic
• Excavation work in roads,
streets, and sidewalks are not
undertaken without the prior
approved of the relevant local
authorities.
• Traffic shall be managed
before starting excavation
activity
• Hi-visibility vests shall be
worn
• Barriers and flashlight are
required
Heavy
Equipment
• Barriers
• Traffic Control
• Flagman
• Flashlights& flashing beacons
• Warning signs
Hazardous Atmospheres
and Materials
• Excavations are capable of containing hazardous
atmospheres due to poor natural ventilation.
• Especially true on hazardous waste sites where
heavier than air vapors can accumulate in
excavations.
• Air testing is required at 4’.
• Ventilation equipment may be necessary to
maintain acceptable air quality.
• Appropriate respirators may be necessary if
hazardous atmospheres.
• Must have rescue equipment and personnel readily
available of working in hazardous atmospheres.
- SCBAs for at least 2 people
- Safety harness and line
- Basket stretcher
-
Water Accumulation

• Accumulation of water may

affect excavation edges and
increase likelihood of
excavation collapse
• Water shall be removed from
the excavation by pumps
• Water sources shall be shut
off or supported.
Adjacent
Structures

• Sidewalks, pavements,
buildings shall be supported
to protect employees from
collapse of such structures.
• Adjacent structures shall be
evaluated by qualified
engineer.
Temporary
Spoil
• Temporary spoil must be
placed no closer than 2 ft.
(0.61 m) from the surface
edge of the excavation.
Falling
Protection
• Excavation edges shall be
protected by guardrail
system.
Soil Classification
• Stable Rock
• Type A Soil
• Type B Soil
• Type C Soil

• Stability is greatest in stable rock and decreases through type A and B to type C, which
is the least stable.

• Stable Rock: is defined as natural solid mineral matter that can be excavated with
vertical sides and remain intact while exposed. (Example: granite or sandstone).
• Type A Soil: are cohesive soils with unconfined compressive strength of 1.5 tons per
square foot or greater. (Example: clay, silt clay, sandy clay, clay loam)
• Type B Soil: are cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength greater than
0.5 tons per square foot but less than 1.5 (tsf) (Example: angular gravel, silt, silt loam)
• Type C Soil: are cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 0.5 tsf or
less. (Example: gravel, sand and loamy sand, submerged soil, soil from which water is
freely seeping.
Excavation Protection
systems
There are three basic protective systems for an excavation and
trenches:

• Sloping and Benching Systems.

• Shoring Systems.
• Shielding Systems.

The protective systems shall have the capacity to resist without

failure all loads that are intended or could reasonably be
expected to be applied to or transmitted to the system.
Sloping and Benching Systems
• Maximum allowable slopes for excavations less than 20 feet
(6.09 m) based on soil type and angle to the horizontal are as
follows:
Benching Systems
• The type of soil determines the horizontal to
vertical ratio of the benched side.
• As a general rule, the bottom vertical height
of the trench must not exceed 4 feet (1.2 m)
for the first bench.
• Subsequent benches may be up to a
maximum of 5 feet (1.5 m) vertical in Type A
soil and 4 feet (1.2 m) in Type B soil to a total
trench depth of 20 feet (6.0 m).
Shoring Systems
• Shoring is the provision of a support system for trench
faces used to prevent movement of soil, underground
utilities, roadways, and foundations. Shoring is used when
the location or depth of the cut makes sloping back to the
maximum allowable slope impractical.
• Shoring systems consist of posts, wales, struts, and
sheeting.
• There are two basic types of shoring, timber and
aluminum hydraulic.
Shielding Systems
Trench Boxes
• Are intended to protect workers from cave-ins and similar incidents.
• The space between the outside of the trench box and the face of
the trench should be as small as possible.
• The space between the trench boxes and the excavation side are
backfilled to prevent lateral movement of the box.
Sloping and
Shoring-P.1
Sloping and
Shoring P-2
Excavation Permit
 Topic-7

Cranes, Lifting
and Rigging
 • Inspection of slings
• Sling hitches and applications
Contents • Rigging principles and load control
• Inspection of cranes
Inspection of Slings

There are main types of Slings

• Chains
• Wire Rope Sling
• Web Sling

Inspection Frequency
• Each day before use
• Monthly by competent inspector
• On regular basis (6 months- 1 Year by certification
company)
• Remove them from service if damaged or defective
Chains
• Adapts to shape of the load
• Can damage by sudden shocks
• Best choice for hoisting very hot materials
• When one link in a chain fails, the load will
come down.
• Must have an affixed tag stating size, grade,
rated capacity, and sling manufacturer
Inspection of Chains
• Tag
• Stretching
• Size (10% maximum allowable wear or refer
to the table)
• Check Grade (8- 10 most common)
Wire Rope Slings
Elements of wire rope
• Rope
• Core
• Strand
• Wire
Inspection of Wire Rope
Sling

• Frayed Areas
• Broken Wires
• Corrosion
• Pitting
• Bird Cages
• Kinks
• Flattened Areas
Synthetic Web
Slings
Mark or code to show:

• Name or trademark of manufacturer

• Rated capacities for the type of hitch
• Type of material

• Temperature shall not exceed 180 F (82

C)
Inspection of
Synthetic Web
Sling
Remove from service if any of
these are present:

• Acid or caustic burns

• Melting or charring of
any part
• Snags, punctures, tears
or cuts
• Broken or worn stitches
• Distortion of fittings
Sling Hitches
and
Applications
Vertical Hitch
• Single Vertical Hitch

Other types
• Bridle Hitch
• 3-Leg& 4-Leg Bridle Hitch
Choker Hitch
Basket Hitch
• Single Basket Hitch
• Double Basket Hitch
• Double Wrap Basket Hitch
 Basic
Hitches
Rigging Principles and Load Control
Center of
Gravity and
Sling
Loading
Center Of
Gravity
Basket Hitch

• A basket hitch has twice the capacity of a single

leg only if the D/d is equal to or greater than
25/1 and legs of sling are vertical.
• At Other Angles See table
Basket Hitch
Choker Hitch
Sling rated load Angle of Choke
percentage

• Choker hitch has 80% of the capacity of

% 80 180 -120
a sling leg (75 of wire rope sling) only if
the corners are softened and the % 65 119 -90
vertical sling angle is smaller than 60
% 55 89 -60
% 45 59 -30
Choker
Hitch
Cranes
Inspection
Crane Documents

• Operator License
• Calibration Certificate (3rd Party)
• Crane Manual and Load Chart
Reading Load
Chart
Reading Load
Charts
Reading Load Chart
Crane Outriggers& • Crane Mat Area
Crane Mats
Good Practice Vs. Bad Practice
Good Practice Vs.
Bad Practice
Crane
Indicator
 Topic-8
Hazard
Communication
Purpose of
the Program
To determine the hazards of
Chemical Products.

To ensure that the hazards of all

chemical produced or imported
are evaluated and transmitted
to
 Employers
 Employees
How to handle chemicals
safely
Written Program
 • Inventory (Register)
• Labels
Main Requirements • SDS
• Training
 Register (Inventory)
DEPARTMENT PRODUCT HAZARDOUS MANUFACTURER LABELS CURRENT MAX. QUANTITY
NAME MATERIALS/ NEEDED MSDS ON HAND
BY PRODUCT
Labels- New System
(GHS)
Color Code
• Red Fire Hazard
• Blue Health Hazard
• YELLOW Reactivity Hazard - explosive,
unstable
• White PPE
Labels
SDS (16 Sections)
1. Chemical Product & Company Information
2. Composition/Information on Ingredients
3. Hazards Identification
4. First Aid Measures
5. Fire Fighting Measures
6. Accidental Release Measures
7. Handling and Storage
8. Exposure Control/Personal Protection
9. Physical and Chemical Properties
10. Stability and Reactivity
11. Toxicological Information
12. Ecological Information
13. Disposal Considerations
14. Transport Information
15. Regulatory Information
16. Other Information
SDS
Training of Employees and Subcontractors

Training On Labels Training on MSDS All contractors should be aware

of Hazard Communication
Program
 Topic-9

Electrical Safety
Introduction
• Electricity is the flow of energy from one
place to another

• A flow of electrons (current) travels through

a conductor

• Electricity travels in a closed circuit

• The Current in Amperes (I) is equal to the

electromotive force, or Voltage (V) divided
by the Resistance (R) in “Ohms”.
Electrical Hazard
• Electrical Shock

• Burns

• Arc – Flash

• Fires and Explosions

• Falls
 Severity of the Shock Depends On
• Amount of current
• Determined by voltage and resistance to flow

Electrical Shocks • Path through the body

• Duration of flow through the body
• Other factors such as general health and individual differences.
 Shocks Occurs in 3
Ways
• Contact with both conductors

• Contact with one conductor and ground

• With a tool: contact with “hot” metal part

and ground
Body
Resistance
• When skin is wet resistance
drops from (1000 Kilo-ohms)
to (100 ohms)

• Internal Body Resistance

(from 100 to 500 ohms)

• Dry Skin: 120 volt = 1 mamp

• Wet Skin: 120 volt= 800 amp
Burns
• Burns occur when a worker contacts
energized electrical wiring or equipment.
• Electrical burns can occur anywhere on the
body but they most often occur on the
hands and feet

• Burns require immediate medical treatment

Arc-Falsh

• A dangerous condition associated with

the release of energy caused by an
electric arc.”

• Arc flash is the explosive release of

energy when electrical current jumps
the distance from one conductor to
another, or when it jumps from a
conductor to ground.
•
• In the workplace, arc flash can be
deadly. It can happen anywhere you
find energized electrical equipment or
conductors.
 Fires and Explosions

• Shorts: Cause a great increase in the flow of current through the cord
producing heat and perhaps initiating a fire.

• Overloads: Occur when more current flows through a cord than it is

rated to handle. Power strips can be overloaded if too many high
current draw devices are plugged in at one time.

• Cables with insufficient size

• Poor electrical contacts
o Plugs are loosely fitted to Socket

• Abused use of adaptors and extension socket boards

• Excessive heat due to

o poor/loose connections
o Improper wiring
o Substandard plugs/ adaptors
 Safe Measures
• Insulating the conductors
Electrical Protective
Devices
• Fuses
• Circuit Breakers
• Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
• Grounding
Lock out Tag Out
PPE

• Gloves
• Hardhat
• Safety Shoes
Cables Color
Code
- Live: Black/ Red Blue
- Neutral: White/ Gray
- Ground: Green/ Yellow-Green
 Topic-10

Construction
Heavy Equipment
Operator
Qualifications
• License
• VOC
• Training
• Medical Test& Drug Test
Equipment

• Reversing Alarm (112 DBA +/-4)

• Speed Limit (20 Km/h) or less
• No Passengers Allowed
• Seat Belt
• Refueling- Engines Off
• Parking- Engines Off
• Fire Extinguisher
• Windshields
• Lifting Equipment (3rd party
Inspection)
• Flagman
Inspection

• Daily
• Monthly
• After Maintenance
• 3rd Party Inspection
End of Day-2