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Introduction To Physics I

Here are the steps to solve these map scale problems: a) 18.5 in on the map = 18.5 in * 24,000 in/1 unit = 444,000 in 444,000 in / 12 in/ft = 37,000 ft 37,000 ft / 5,280 ft/mi = 7 miles b) 0.3 mm on the map = 0.3 mm * 24,000 mm/1 unit = 7,200 mm = 7.2 m c) 7.2 m = 23.6 ft So in summary: a) 7 miles b) 7.2 m c) 23.6 ft

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353 views

Introduction To Physics I

Here are the steps to solve these map scale problems: a) 18.5 in on the map = 18.5 in * 24,000 in/1 unit = 444,000 in 444,000 in / 12 in/ft = 37,000 ft 37,000 ft / 5,280 ft/mi = 7 miles b) 0.3 mm on the map = 0.3 mm * 24,000 mm/1 unit = 7,200 mm = 7.2 m c) 7.2 m = 23.6 ft So in summary: a) 7 miles b) 7.2 m c) 23.6 ft

Uploaded by

Mav Temporada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO

PHYSICS
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
PHYSICS
• Physics is Fun. It is an exciting adventure in the quest
to find out patterns in nature and find means of
understanding phenomena through careful deductions
based on experimental verification.
• Physics requires discipline: Effort to Learn, Find your
Time to Study (advance readings, research, and
practice…)
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
It is the science of matter, its motion, as well as space
and time. Physics can be thought of as humanity’s
attempts to describe and explain our universe.

•PHYSICS is an Experimental Science.


•PHYSICISTS perform experiments to test hypotheses.
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
• Model, Theory, Law
• Model
• A representation of something that is often too difficult (or impossible) to
display directly.
• It is only accurate under limited situations.
• Theory
• an explanation for patterns in nature that is supported by scientific evidence
and verified multiple times by various groups of researchers.
• Law
• Uses concise language to describe a generalized pattern in nature that is
supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments.
• Often, a law can be expressed in the form of a single mathematical equation.
THE LANGUAGE OF PHYSICS

Measuring the Universe


• Any number that is used to describe a physical phenomenon
quantitatively is called a physical quantity.
• A quantity is a definite or indefinite amount or size of
something.
THE LANGUAGE OF PHYSICS
THE LANGUAGE OF PHYSICS

Measurement
• Is the process and skill of finding the dimension of physical
quantity.
• A fixed quantity with respect to which a physical quantity is
measured is called unit.
• Units is use as a standard of measurement.
• . Physics without units is meaningless.
THE LANGUAGE OF PHYSICS

Measurement
Science uses measurements to quantify dimension.
*two system of measurement: the metric system and the
English system
Since 1960 the system of units used by scientists and engineers is the “metric
system”, which is officially known as the “International System” or SI units
(abbreviation for its French term, Le Système International d’Unites).
THE LANGUAGE OF PHYSICS
Let’s Discover!

How much do you weigh?


What is your height?
How far is your school from your home?

*can you add 20 meters and 600 centimeters right away?


What would be the unit to be used?
THE LANGUAGE OF PHYSICS
In conversion, the value or magnitude of the physical
quantity does not change, only the unit is changed.
Physical quantities and their units are of two types: Fundamental
(or Base) and Derived.
The SI has seven base unit:

MASS TEMPERATURE
LENGTH ELECTRIC
TIME CURRENT
LUMINOUS
AMOUNT OF INTENSITY
SUBSTANCE
THE LANGUAGE OF PHYSICS
• Derived quantities are combinations of two or more basic
quantities.
Some derived SI units:
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
• SIGNIFICANT FIGURES •

*The number of significant figures refers to all


digits to the left of the decimal point (except
zeroes after the last non-zero digit) and all digits
to the right of the decimal point (including all
zeroes).
• Here are the rules for identifying significant figures in a
measurement:
1. All non-zero figures are significant.
EXAMPLE:123, 1 456, 8.76, 1, 45

2. All zeros between non-zeros are significant.


EXAMPLE: 1 001, 20.05, 30.0507, 0.000 305, 0.3, 0.005

3. Zeros to the right of a non-zero figure but to the left of the


decimal point are not significant (unless specified with a bar).
EXAMPLE: 109 000, 12 000, 5 000, 2 020
• Here are the rules for identifying significant figures in a
measurement:
4. Zeros to the right of a decimal point but to the left of a
non-zero figure are not significant.
EXAMPLE: 0.010, 0.00260, 0.07080, 8.0, 707.000

5. Zeros to the right of the decimal point and following a


non-zero figure are significant.
EXAMPLE: 304.50, 40.01, 5.600, 12.0400
• Significant Figures
• Used to reflect
uncertainty in
measurements
• Each measuring device
can only measure so
accurately
• The last digit is always
an estimate
• *Scientific notation or standard index
notation is also called the “powers of-ten
notation”. This allows one to write only the
significant figures multiplied to 10 with the
appropriate power. As a shorthand notation,
we therefore use only one digit before the
decimal point with the rest of the significant
figures written after the decimal point.
Scientific notation or standard index
notation
it is not convenient to write the electron mass as
0.0000000000000000000000000000091 kg or the diameter
of the observable universe as
880000000000000000000000000 m.
We rather use a scientific notation to express too big or too
small numbers:
Scientific notation or standard index
notation
Scientific notation or standard index
notation
RULES IN ROUNDING

1. When the number ends in 5/ greater than 5, round up.


2. When the number ends in digit lower then 5, round down.
• Unit conversions
• Multiply by conversion factors so that the unwanted unit
cancels out.

•Convert 5 cg to kg
•Convert 25 km/h to m/s
1. A man is 6 ft and 1 ½ inches in tall. What is his height in cm?
2. The density of iron is 7.86g/under standard conditions. Convert this to
kg/
3. As an observer walking around on continental crust (granite), you might
decide to test the hypothesis that the Earth is made entirely of granite. You
weigh a 1.00 cubic ft piece of granite on your home scale and find that it
weighs 171 lbs. Thus, you determine that the granite has a density of 171
lb/ft3. Convert your granite's density to g/cm3.
UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT AND SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

• An error made in physics measurements can never be


removed no matter how the measurement is taken or how
often it is repeated. Measurement errors in physics mean
more than simple human mistakes; they are uncertainties
inherent to the physical measurements.
• Uncertainty is a quantification of the doubt about the
measurement result.
UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT AND SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

• The distinction between these two measurements is in their


uncertainty.
o Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value
to the ‘true’ (standard or known) value. It describes how well
we eliminate systematic error.
o Precision refers to the closeness of repeated
measurements to each other without referring to the ‘true’
value. It describes how well we suppress random errors.

Precision and accuracy are independent. A measurement can be


precise but inaccurate, or accurate but imprecise.
UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT AND SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Errors in Measurements
Measurement errors can arise from three possible origins: the measuring
device, the measurement procedure, and the measured quantity itself. Usually,
the largest of these errors will determine the uncertainty in the data. Errors can
be divided into two types: Systematic and Random errors.
• Systematic Error: occurs because of a flaw in the
experimental design or apparatus

• Random Error: caused by unpredictable changes in the


experiment, no matter how well designed and calibrated the
tools are.
Determine the number of sig. figs. For the following
numbers:
21000 3250000 42210000
0.0012 469 1786
1.0 0.00843 508.6
0.18 0.234 0.6780
67 65.0 5.060
1.2343x 035 23.004
23.000 2.3x 300.0
4. You are working with a map that has a fractional scale of 1:24 000 (meaning
that 1 unit on the map is equal to 24 000 units on the ground - 1mm = 24 000
mm or 1 in = 24 000 in). See if you can determine solutions to the following
problems that geologists face when working with maps.

a. You are hiking to a field area and measure the length of the
trail as 18.5 inches. Calculate how many miles you must hike to
get to the interesting rocks/geology?
b. Once you get to your field area, you are going to create a
geologic map of that area. You have a mechanical pencil that has
a lead that is 0.3 mm thick. The smallest feature you can map will
be 0.3 mm wide on the map. How wide (in m) can that feature be?
c. Now you have an idea of the size of features that can be drawn
on your map. Convert your answer in letter b to feet.

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