MIS 301 RELATIONAL

DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Structured Query Language(SQL)-1
LECTURE 8&9

PROF. KRISHNA ROY

 Structured query language(sql)

• SQL is Structured Query Language, which is a computer language for

storing, manipulating and retrieving data stored in a relational database.
• SQL is the standard language for Relational Database System and
operates on relational databases.
• SQL is based on relational algebra and relational calculus.
• SQL commands are used for defining data structures and manipulating
data stored in them i.e. adding data, changing data, deleting data, seeing
and removing data.
• SQL commands are broadly classified as DDL, DML, DCL and TCL.

13/09/2023 PROF. KRISHNA ROY, FMS, BCREC 2

 Structured query language(sql)
datatypes
• char(size) Fixed length string 0 to 255 characters long. Default
size is 1. It can contain digits, alphabets and special characters.
No arithmetic is possible.
• varchar(size)Variable length string 0 to 65535 characters long
storing digits, alphabets and special characters. Default size is 1.
• binary(size)Similar to char but stores binary byte strings.
Default size is 1. char strings are directly readable by us but must
be encoded to binary byte strings to be comprehended by the
computer. Pictures, music, text, etc are all encoded and stored as
byte strings.

13/09/2023 PROF. KRISHNA ROY, FMS, BCREC 3

 Structured query language(sql)
datatypes
• bit(size)stores bits, number of bits per value is the size which ranges from 1 to 64 (i.e. 0 or 1 for
each bit) . Default value is 1.
• integer(size)/int(size)stores integer values in the range -2147483648 to 2147483647 . If the
integer is unsigned, the range is 0 to 4294967295.
• float(size,dad)stores real numbers i.e. includes decimal fractions within 32 bits. Size
refers to total number of digits and dad refers to number of digits after the decimal
point.
• double(size,dad)stores real numbers i.e. includes decimal fractions within 64 bits.
Size refers to total number of digits and dad refers to number of digits after the decimal
point.
• decimal(size,dad)/dec(size,dad)stores real numbers i.e. includes decimal fractions
within 128 bits. Size refers to total number of digits and dad refers to number of digits
after the decimal point.
• boolIt is used to specify Boolean values true and false. Zero is considered as false,
and nonzero values are considered as true.

13/09/2023 PROF. KRISHNA ROY, FMS, BCREC 4

 Structured query language(sql)
datatypes

• number(size,dad)stores real numbers i.e. includes

decimal fractions within 38 digits. Size refers to total
number of digits and dad refers to number of digits after
the decimal point which ranges between 84 and 127. If
dad is 0, the number is an integer.
• DateIt is used to store a valid date(DD-MMM-YY)
format with a fixed length. Its range varies from January
1, 4712 BC to December 31, 9999 AD.

13/09/2023 PROF. KRISHNA ROY, FMS, BCREC 5

 Structured query language(sql)
operators-arithmetic
•+  addition(example a+b)
Let a=20, b=6
•-  subtraction(example a-b) Therefore
a+b=26
•*  multiplication(example a*b)
a-b=14
•/  division(example a/b)
a*b=120
a/b=2.33
• %  remainder after integer division a%b=2
13/09/2023 PROF. KRISHNA ROY, FMS, BCREC 6
 Structured query language(sql)
operators-comparison/relational
These operators always return true or false. Let a=20, b=6
They compare their operands.
Therefore
•=  equal to (example a=b) a=b gives false
• != or <> not equal to(example a<>b) a<>b gives true
•<  less than(example a<b) a!=b gives true
• <=  less than or equal to(example a<=b) a<b gives false
•>  greater than(example a>b) a<=b gives false
• >= greater than or equal to(example a/b) a>b gives true
a>=b gives true
13/09/2023 PROF. KRISHNA ROY, FMS, BCREC 7
 Structured query language(sql)
operators-logical
These operators also return true or false. Let a=20, b=6, c=20
Their operands are logical operations
or values
Therefore
• and  returns true if both operands are a=b and a=c gives
true(example a=b and a<c) false
• or  returns true if atleast one of its a=b or a=c gives
operands is true(example a=b or a<c) true
not a=c gives false
• not  returns true if its operand is false not a=b gives true
and false if it is true(example not a<b)
13/09/2023 PROF. KRISHNA ROY, FMS, BCREC 8
 Structured query language(sql)
operators-logical
• between and  returns true if given value falls within given limits,
including limits(example a between 10 and 20)
• in  returns true if given value belongs to a given
set{example a in (10,15,20,25,30) or city in (‘Kolkata’, ‘Durgapur’,
‘Patna’)}
• like  returns true if given value matches a pattern satisfying
wildcards. Exact match is not looked for(example city like ‘%pur’)
• all The ALL operator returns TRUE if and only if all of the
subqueries’ values meet the condition. The ALL must be preceded by
comparison operators and evaluates to true if all of the subqueries
values meet the condition. It is used with SELECT, WHERE, HAVING
statement. {example select roll_no from student where marks> all
(select marks from batch_last);}

13/09/2023 PROF. KRISHNA ROY, FMS, BCREC 9

 Structured query language(sql)
operators-logical

• any  ANY compares a value to each value in a list or results from a

query and evaluates to true if the result of an inner query contains at
least one row. ANY returns true if any of the subquery values meet the
condition. It must be preceded by comparison operators.{Example
select roll_no, name from student where city =any(select city from
batch_last;}
• is null  returns true if the given attribute value is null i.e.
empty.{Example select * from student where marks is null;}
• exists  The EXISTS operator is used to test for the
existence of any record in a subquery. The EXISTS operator returns
true if the subquery returns one or more records.{Example select
name, stream from student where exists (select city from metros
where student.city=metros.city); }

13/09/2023 PROF. KRISHNA ROY, FMS, BCREC 10

• Till we meet again in the next class……….

13/09/2023 PROF. KRISHNA ROY, FMS, BCREC 11