Newmark Translation Methods

Newmark Translation Methods

According to Newmark (1988), translation method is an important part in

translation because it becomes the main aspect in doing translation within the
whole complete text. In a narrow sense, translation theory is concerned with
the translation method appropriately used for certain of text, and it is therefore
dependent on a functional theory of language. Translation method is
explanation about how translation is being translated. Indeed to achieve the
goal of translating from one language to another language, Newmark put it as
in the diagram as called V diagram (Newmark, 1998). Which it has two parts,
first is source language emphasis and second is target language emphasis.
Both of them are the degree of priority in translating using translation
methods. Source language emphasis is applied where the translator tends to
rendering on source language structure and form. Meanwhile, target
language emphasis is applied when translator concerns about the meaning of
the language in the receptor language.
Newmark Translation Methods

V diagram (Newmark, 1998)

 Word for Word Translation

Newmark (1988) states that word for word translation is often demonstrated as interlinear
translation, with The TL immediately below the SL words. That is where the Target Language
(TL) is immediately translated below the Source Language (SL) words, without any change of
the grammatical structure. It is used from phrase to phrase, clause to clause and so on. Word
for word translation is translation method where text of source language is being translated
per word in the target language; so that the translation can achieve the meaning of SL to the
TL.

Example:
SL: I always like news
TL: Aku selalu suka berita

There is no change in word for word translation either structure or meaning, it all remains the
same after being translated. The source language “I always like news” was translated to
“Aku selalu suka berita”. The subject “I” was gotten translated to word “aku”, the adverb
“always” was translated to “selalu”, the verb “like” got translated to “suka” and the noun
“news” was translated to “berita”.
 Word for Word Translation

Other Examples:

• SL: Far from it

TL: Jauh dari itu
• SL: Only for Mr. Elton
TL: Hanya untuk Mr. Elton
• SL: It makes me envious and miserable
TL: Itu membuatku iri dan sedih
• SL: He does not care about Jane Firefax
TL: Dia tidak peduli terhadapt Jane Firefax
 Literal Translation

Literal translation is method of translation which translating text literally yet following the rule
of structure in the target language. The text is still translated depending on its context and its
nearest common meanings

Example:
SL: Dear Mrs. Weston
TL: Mrs. Weston sayang

literal translation only changes grammatical structures. In the example above, the sentence
“Dear Mr Weston” was translated to “Mr. Weston sayang”. It can be seen that grammatical
structure in the target language and source language was different. In the source language,
adjective is out before a noun, meanwhile in the target language, adjective is put after a
noun.
 Literal Translation

Other Examples:

• SL: It is the greatest amusement in the world

TL: Itu kegembiraan yang paling besar di dunia
• SL: Mr. Weston certainly would never marry again
TL: Mr. Weston jelas tidak akan menikah lagi
• SL: A warm day in summer
TL: Hari yang hangat di musim panas
• SL: But it must have been
TL: Tapi itu harus terjadi
 Faithful Translation
Newmark (1988) states “faithful translation is an attempt to reproduce contextual meaning of
a source language”. It transfers cultural words and delivers meaning while keeps on
maintaining the degree of grammatical and lexical aspect in the translation. In a faithful
translation a translator tries to keep the meaning of the sentence. Also she adds that faithful
translation is more flexible and based on the context.

Example:
SL: On the contrary, I think a young man might be very safely recommended to take Mr. Elton
as a model
TL: Sebaliknya, kurasa seorang pemuda sebaiknya menjadikan Mr. Elton sebagai model

Faithful translation means staying faithful to the original (source language). It could be seen
on its terminology that “model” in English was translated to “model” in Indonesian, which
exactly having exactly the same meanings and form of writing, yet different pronunciation in
English and in Indonesian.
 Faithful Translation

Other Examples:

• SL: Here is my sketch of the fourth, who was a baby.

TL: Ini sketsa anak keempat yang masih bayi
• SL: How much his business engrosses him already is very plain from the
circumstance of his forgetting to inquire for the book you recommended
TL: Seberapa sibuknya Mr. Martin mengurusi bisnisnya kentara sekali dari
kenyataan bahwa dia lupa mencari buku yang kau rekomendasikan.
• SL: It would have grieved me to lose your acquaintance, which must have
been the consequence of your marrying Mr. Martin.
TL: Aku pasti akan kecewa sekali kalau persahabatan kita terputus, yang
sudah pasti terjadi sebagai konsekuensinya kalau kau menikah dengan
Mr. Martin.
 Semantic Translation
Semantic translation has one characteristic which any other methods of translation does not
have. in semantic translation, the translator should be paying attention to the aesthetic value
of the text in the translation. Aesthetic value is such a form of beauty that is made from the
meaning of the text, so that the context of the text can be delivered beautifully without
creating any awkwardness.

Example:
SL: And I have no doubt that he will thrive, and be a very rich man in time—and his being
illiterate and coarse need not disturb us.
TL: Aku tidak menyangsikan bahwa dia akan bekerja keras dan menjadi kaya pada waktunya
kelak, tetapi apakah dia akan tetap buta sastra atau kasar bukanlah urusan kita

The word “illiterate” from source language was translated to “buta sastra”. The word was
not translated literally that would mean “uneducated”, yet the translator decided to put
aesthetic value in it so it became “buta sastra” in Indonesian which literally mean “art blided”
 Semantic Translation

Other Examples:

• SL: And really quite her own little elegant figure

TL: Badannya ramping sekali
• SL: And if she were to take any pains to marry him, she would probably
repent it.
TL: Dan, seandainya ibunya rela berkorban dengan mengizinkannya
menikah sekarang, kemungkinan besar dia akn menyesalinya.
• SL: They might be more safely held up as a pattern
TL: Sebaiknya dijadikan teladan
 Adaptation Translation
That is method where the target language is translated freely according to the culture which
still able to convey meaning. It is meant that translator can manage to translate the text
according to the culture that exists in the target language. Yet even though the way of culture
shown on both languages are different, but they two should be having the same meaning in
the term of context of the text.

Example:
SL: That was your doing, papa
TL: Ini toh gara-gara Ayah juga

In translating the text, the translator freely translated the word “was” into “toh” which was it is
an Indonesian expression for stressing meaning. By doing so, the reader would be easier to
understand the meaning and context of the text and the translator had succeeded applying
adaptation translation method by converting SL culture to the TL culture properly.
 Adaptation Translation

Other Examples:

• SL: You know we have settled all that already

TL: Ayah tahu, kan, rumah mereka sudah ada kandang kudanya
• SL: Well, you want to hear about the wedding; and I shall be happy to tell
you, for we all behaved charmingly
TL: Nah, kalau kau ingi tahu tentang acara perkawinan itu, dengan senang
hati aku akan mengatakan kepadamu bahwa kami bersikap dengan baik
sekali.
• SL: Thank you, thank you, my own sweet little friend.
TL: Terima kasih, terima kasih, Sahabatku yang manis
 Free Translation
Free translation gives translator a fully freedom to express the way he is going to interpret the
translation on the text; without needing to pay attention towards to the grammatical structure
or language culture.

Example:
SL: They have more gentleness
TL: Lebih halus

it is okay to make the text shorter as long as it is understood by the reader. On the data
number 117, the text “they have more gentleness” was translated to “lebih halus”. The
translator only picked the main idea which it’s “gentleness” then translate it to “halus” in
Indonesian. That it was a way shorter than the source text which had a subject and also a
verb.
 Free Translation

Other Examples:

• SL: You are a great deal too necessary at Hartfield to be spared to Abbey
Mill
TL: Kau selalu dibutuhkan di Hartfield. Jangan kau sia-siakan
kesempatanmu dengan pergi ke Abbey-Mill
• SL: And I suppose may have a natural talent for—thinks strongly and
clearly—and when he takes a pen in hand, his thoughts naturally find
proper words.
TL: Mungkin dia mempunyai bakat alam untuk beerpikir secara logis dan
jernih, dan ketika dia memegang pena, pikirannya secara otomatis
menemukan kata-kata yang tepat.
• SL: And after such success, you know
TL: Apalagi setelah keberhasilan sebesar itu
 Idiomatic Translation
Idiomatic translation is a translation method which deals with idiom expression from
languages, the source language and target language. This method is meant reproducing
message from the pattern language to the receptor language. Idiom should be the translated
by an idiom too in the text, so that the meaning and context of the text remain the same.

Examples
SL: By the bye, that is almost enough to put one out of conceit with a niece.
TL: Dan ngomong-ngomong, itu cukup membuat seseorang tidak suka pada kemenakan

It can be seen from the translation of idiom from English to Indonesian. The idiom of “by the
bye” got translated to Indonesian idiom “ngomong-ngomong” by the translator.
 Idiomatic Translation

Other Examples:

• SL: Till they do fall in love with well-informed minds instead of handsome
faces,
TL: Sampai mereka benar-benar jatuh cinta pada orang yang luas
wawasannya dan bukan hanya pada wajah cantik.
• SL: I wish Jane Fairfax very well; but she tires me to death
TL: Aku tidak benci Jane Firefax, tapi dai membuatku bosan setengah
mati
 Communicative Translation
Communicative translation has an aim to communicatively deliver the message of the text
towards the readers. The method is done by translating the text communicatively from source
language to the target language. The words, phrases, and sentences are translated to its
common meaning used in the community and its people.

Example
SL: Oh no; we all felt that we were going to be only half a mile apart, and were sure of
meeting every day
TL: Oh, tidak, lagi pula kami hanya akan terpisah kurang dari satu kilometer, dan jelas dapat
bertemu setiap hari

It was shown on the data that “a mile” that got translated into “satu kilometer”. “Satu
kilometer” is a standard of length that Indonesian commonly uses rather than “a mile”.
Communicative translation has an aim to communicatively deliver the message of the text
towards the readers.
 Communicative Translation

Other Examples:

• SL: And I thought when he was joining their hands today he looked so
very much as if he would like to have the same kind office done for him
TL: Dan, sewaktu dia menghadiri acara perkawinan hari ini sangat terlihat
bahwa dia ingin ada seseorang mencarikan jodoh untuknya
• SL: And you would not have had Miss Taylor live with us for ever, and
bear all my odd humours
TL: Dan tentunya Ayah tidak boleh mengharapkan Miss Taylor tinggal
bersama kita selamanya untuk menghadapi sifat-sifatku yang aneh
• SL: We always say what we like to one another
TL: Kami selalu berterus terang satu sama lain
• SL: I promise you to make none for myself, papa
TL: Aku berjanji tidak akan menjodohkan diriku, Ayah.
 References :
Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Prentice Hall.

Puspita, a. T. (2020). The Use of Newmark Translation Methods in English to Indonesian Rendering of Austen’s
Emma (Thesis, Universitas Negeri Semarang).