Chapter 1

Introduction to Software Engineering

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
 Learning Objectives
• At the end of this chapter, student should be able to:
– Define software and software engineering
– Understand software development crisis: Causes of
Development Failure, Failure Percentage
– Know the related software engineering terms
– Understand software process model
– Understand software cost in software engineering
– Differentiate Computer Science and System Engineering
– Know the atributes of a well-Engineered Software System
– Understand challenges in software engineering

Chapter 1 Introduction 2
 Topics covered
• Professional software development
– What is meant by software engineering.
• Software engineering ethics
– A brief introduction to ethical issues that affect
software engineering.

Chapter 1 Introduction 3
 Software engineering
• The economies of ALL developed nations are
dependent on software.
• More and more systems are software controlled
• Software engineering is concerned with theories,
methods and tools for professional software
development.
• Expenditure on software represents a
significant fraction of GNP in all developed
countries.
Chapter 1 Introduction 4
 Software costs
• Software costs often dominate computer
system costs. The costs of software on a PC are
often greater than the hardware cost.
• Software costs more to maintain than it does to
develop. For systems with a long life,
maintenance costs may be several times
development costs.
• Software engineering is concerned with cost-
effective software development.
Chapter 1 Introduction 5
 Software project failure
• Increasing system complexity
– As new software engineering techniques help us to build larger, more
complex systems, the demands change. Systems have to be built and
delivered more quickly; larger, even more complex systems are
required; systems have to have new capabilities that were previously
thought to be impossible.
• Failure to use software engineering methods
– It is fairly easy to write computer programs without using software
engineering methods and techniques. Many companies have drifted
into software development as their products and services have
evolved. They do not use software engineering methods in their
everyday work. Consequently, their software is often more expensive
and less reliable than it should be.

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Chapter 1 Introduction 7
Chapter 1 Introduction 8
Chapter 1 Introduction 9
Professional software development

Chapter 1 Introduction 10
 Frequently asked questions about software engineering

Question Answer

What is software? Computer programs and associated documentation.

Software products may be developed for a particular
customer or may be developed for a general market.
What are the attributes of good software? Good software should deliver the required functionality
and performance to the user and should be
maintainable, dependable and usable.
What is software engineering? Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is
concerned with all aspects of software production.
What are the fundamental software Software specification, software development, software
engineering activities? validation and software evolution.
What is the difference between software Computer science focuses on theory and fundamentals;
engineering and computer science? software engineering is concerned with the practicalities
of developing and delivering useful software.
What is the difference between software System engineering is concerned with all aspects of
engineering and system engineering? computer-based systems development including
hardware, software and process engineering. Software
engineering is part of this more general process.

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 Frequently asked questions about
software engineering
Question Answer
What are the key challenges facing Coping with increasing diversity, demands for reduced
software engineering? delivery times and developing trustworthy software.
What are the costs of software Roughly 60% of software costs are development costs,
engineering? 40% are testing costs. For custom software, evolution
costs often exceed development costs.
What are the best software engineering While all software projects have to be professionally
techniques and methods? managed and developed, different techniques are
appropriate for different types of system. For example,
games should always be developed using a series of
prototypes whereas safety critical control systems require
a complete and analyzable specification to be developed.
You can’t, therefore, say that one method is better than
another.
What differences has the web made to The web has led to the availability of software services
software engineering? and the possibility of developing highly distributed
service-based systems. Web-based systems
development has led to important advances in
programming languages and software reuse.

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 Software products
• Generic products
– Stand-alone systems that are marketed and sold to any
customer who wishes to buy them.
– Examples – PC software such as graphics programs, project
management tools; CAD software; software for specific
markets such as appointments systems for dentists.
• Customized products
– Software that is commissioned by a specific customer to
meet their own needs.
– Examples – embedded control systems, air traffic control
software, traffic monitoring systems.

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 Product specification
• Generic products
– The specification of what the software should do
is owned by the software developer and decisions
on software change are made by the developer.
• Customized products
– The specification of what the software should do
is owned by the customer for the software and
they make decisions on software changes that are
required.

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Essential attributes of good software

Product characteristic Description

Maintainability Software should be written in such a way so that it can evolve to

meet the changing needs of customers. This is a critical attribute
because software change is an inevitable requirement of a
changing business environment.
Dependability and Software dependability includes a range of characteristics
security including reliability, security and safety. Dependable software
should not cause physical or economic damage in the event of
system failure. Malicious users should not be able to access or
damage the system.
Efficiency Software should not make wasteful use of system resources
such as memory and processor cycles. Efficiency therefore
includes responsiveness, processing time, memory
utilisation, etc.
Acceptability Software must be acceptable to the type of users for which it is
designed. This means that it must be understandable, usable and
compatible with other systems that they use.

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 Software engineering
• Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is
concerned with all aspects of software production from
the early stages of system specification through to
maintaining the system after it has gone into use.
• Engineering discipline
– Using appropriate theories and methods to solve problems
bearing in mind organizational and financial constraints.
• All aspects of software production
– Not just technical process of development. Also project
management and the development of tools, methods etc. to
support software production.

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 Software engineering
• According to IEEE's
– software engineering can be defined as the
application of a systematic, disciplined,
quantifiable approach to the development,
operation, and maintenance of software, and the
study of these approaches; that is, the application
of engineering to software.

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 Importance of software engineering
• More and more, individuals and society rely on
advanced software systems. We need to be able to
produce reliable and trustworthy systems
economically and quickly.
• It is usually cheaper, in the long run, to use software
engineering methods and techniques for software
systems rather than just write the programs as if it
was a personal programming project. For most types
of system, the majority of costs are the costs of
changing the software after it has gone into use.
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 Software process activities
• Software specification, where customers and
engineers define the software that is to be produced
and the constraints on its operation.
• Software development, where the software is
designed and programmed.
• Software validation, where the software is checked to
ensure that it is what the customer requires.
• Software evolution, where the software is modified to
reflect changing customer and market requirements.

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General issues that affect software
• Heterogeneity
– Increasingly, systems are required to operate as
distributed systems across networks that include
different types of computer and mobile devices.
• Business and social change
– Business and society are changing incredibly quickly
as emerging economies develop and new
technologies become available. They need to be able
to change their existing software and to rapidly
develop new software.
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General issues that affect software
• Security and trust
– As software is intertwined with all aspects of our
lives, it is essential that we can trust that software.
• Scale
– Software has to be developed across a very wide
range of scales, from very small embedded systems
in portable or wearable devices through to
Internet-scale, cloud-based systems that serve a
global community.

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 Software engineering diversity
• There are many different types of software
system and there is no universal set of
software techniques that is applicable to all of
these.
• The software engineering methods and tools
used depend on the type of application being
developed, the requirements of the customer
and the background of the development team.

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 Application types
• Stand-alone applications
– These are application systems that run on a local computer, such
as a PC. They include all necessary functionality and do not need
to be connected to a network.
• Interactive transaction-based applications
– Applications that execute on a remote computer and are
accessed by users from their own PCs or terminals. These include
web applications such as e-commerce applications.
• Embedded control systems
– These are software control systems that control and manage
hardware devices. Numerically, there are probably more
embedded systems than any other type of system.

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 Application types
• Batch processing systems
– These are business systems that are designed to process data
in large batches. They process large numbers of individual
inputs to create corresponding outputs.
• Entertainment systems
– These are systems that are primarily for personal use and
which are intended to entertain the user.
• Systems for modeling and simulation
– These are systems that are developed by scientists and
engineers to model physical processes or situations, which
include many, separate, interacting objects.

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 Application types
• Data collection systems
– These are systems that collect data from their
environment using a set of sensors and send that
data to other systems for processing.
• Systems of systems
– These are systems that are composed of a number
of other software systems.

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 Software engineering fundamentals
• Some fundamental principles apply to all types of software
system, irrespective of the development techniques used:
– Systems should be developed using a managed and understood
development process. Of course, different processes are used for
different types of software.
– Dependability and performance are important for all types of
system.
– Understanding and managing the software specification and
requirements (what the software should do) are important.
– Where appropriate, you should reuse software that has already
been developed rather than write new software.

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 Internet software engineering
• The Web is now a platform for running application
and organizations are increasingly developing
web-based systems rather than local systems.
• Web services allow application functionality to be
accessed over the web.
• Cloud computing is an approach to the provision
of computer services where applications run
remotely on the ‘cloud’.
– Users do not buy software but pay according to use.

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 Web-based software engineering
• Web-based systems are complex distributed
systems but the fundamental principles of
software engineering discussed previously are
as applicable to them as they are to any other
types of system.
• The fundamental ideas of software
engineering apply to web-based software in
the same way that they apply to other types of
software system.
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 Web software engineering
• Software reuse
– Software reuse is the dominant approach for
constructing web-based systems. When building these
systems, you think about how you can assemble them
from pre-existing software components and systems.
• Incremental and agile development
– Web-based systems should be developed and delivered
incrementally. It is now generally recognized that it is
impractical to specify all the requirements for such
systems in advance.

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 Web software engineering
• Service-oriented systems
– Software may be implemented using service-
oriented software engineering, where the
software components are stand-alone web
services.
• Rich interfaces
– Interface development technologies such as AJAX
and HTML5 have emerged that support the
creation of rich interfaces within a web browser.

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Software engineering ethics

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 Software engineering ethics
• Software engineering involves wider
responsibilities than simply the application of
technical skills.
• Software engineers must behave in an honest
and ethically responsible way if they are to be
respected as professionals.
• Ethical behaviour is more than simply upholding
the law but involves following a set of principles
that are morally correct.
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Issues of professional responsibility
• Confidentiality
– Engineers should normally respect the
confidentiality of their employers or clients
irrespective of whether or not a formal
confidentiality agreement has been signed.
• Competence
– Engineers should not misrepresent their level of
competence. They should not knowingly accept
work which is outwith their competence.

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Issues of professional responsibility
• Intellectual property rights
– Engineers should be aware of local laws governing the use of
intellectual property such as patents, copyright, etc. They should be
careful to ensure that the intellectual property of employers and
clients is protected.
• Computer misuse
– Software engineers should not use their technical skills to misuse
other people’s computers. Computer misuse ranges from relatively
trivial (game playing on an employer’s machine, say) to extremely
serious (dissemination of viruses).

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 ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics
• The professional societies in the US have
cooperated to produce a code of ethical practice.
• Members of these organisations sign up to the
code of practice when they join.
• The Code contains eight Principles related to the
behaviour of and decisions made by professional
software engineers, including practitioners,
educators, managers, supervisors and policy
makers, as well as trainees and students of the
profession.
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 Rationale for the code of ethics
– Computers have a central and growing role in commerce, industry,
government, medicine, education, entertainment and society at
large. Software engineers are those who contribute by direct
participation or by teaching, to the analysis, specification, design,
development, certification, maintenance and testing of software
systems.
– Because of their roles in developing software systems, software
engineers have significant opportunities to do good or cause harm,
to enable others to do good or cause harm, or to influence others to
do good or cause harm. To ensure, as much as possible, that their
efforts will be used for good, software engineers must commit
themselves to making software engineering a beneficial and
respected profession.

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The ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics
Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice

ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Task Force on Software Engineering Ethics and Professional Practices

PREAMBLE
The short version of the code summarizes aspirations at a high level of the abstraction; the
clauses that are included in the full version give examples and details of how these
aspirations change the way we act as software engineering professionals. Without the
aspirations, the details can become legalistic and tedious; without the details, the
aspirations can become high sounding but empty; together, the aspirations and the details
form a cohesive code.
Software engineers shall commit themselves to making the analysis, specification, design,
development, testing and maintenance of software a beneficial and respected profession. In
accordance with their commitment to the health, safety and welfare of the public, software
engineers shall adhere to the following Eight Principles:

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 Ethical principles
1. PUBLIC - Software engineers shall act consistently with the public interest.
2. CLIENT AND EMPLOYER - Software engineers shall act in a manner that is in the best
interests of their client and employer consistent with the public interest.
3. PRODUCT - Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related
modifications meet the highest professional standards possible.
4. JUDGMENT - Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in their
professional judgment.
5. MANAGEMENT - Software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and
promote an ethical approach to the management of software development and
maintenance.
6. PROFESSION - Software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation of the
profession consistent with the public interest.
7. COLLEAGUES - Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues.
8. SELF - Software engineers shall participate in lifelong learning regarding the practice of
their profession and shall promote an ethical approach to the practice of the profession.

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 Ethical dilemmas
• Disagreement in principle with the policies of
senior management.
• Your employer acts in an unethical way and
releases a safety-critical system without
finishing the testing of the system.
• Participation in the development of military
weapons systems or nuclear systems.

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 Key points
• Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is
concerned with all aspects of software production.
• Essential software product attributes are maintainability,
dependability and security, efficiency and acceptability.
• The high-level activities of specification, development,
validation and evolution are part of all software
processes.
• The fundamental notions of software engineering are
universally applicable to all types of system development.

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 Key points
• There are many different types of system and each requires
appropriate software engineering tools and techniques for
their development.
• The fundamental ideas of software engineering are
applicable to all types of software system.
• Software engineers have responsibilities to the engineering
profession and society. They should not simply be
concerned with technical issues.
• Professional societies publish codes of conduct which set
out the standards of behaviour expected of their members.

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