CHAPTER 2

Research Methods in
Industrial/Organizational
Psychology

Introduction to
Industrial/Organizational
Psychology by Ronald Riggio
Social Scientific Research Methods

 Social scientific research methods

enable an I/O psychologist to study a
specific issue objectively.
 Objectivity is the unbiased approach
to observation and interpretations of
behavior.
Social Scientific Research Methods

 The goals of I/O psychology include the

ability to describe, explain, and predict
phenomena like success.
 As an applied science, I/O psychology
also has the goal of attempting to control
or alter behavior to obtain desired
outcomes.
Social Scientific Research Methods

 The first step in conducting research

is to specify the problem or issue to
be studied.
 The second step is to take those
elements the researcher intends to
measure and develop hypotheses.
Social Scientific Research Methods

 Variables are the elements measured in

research investigations.
 Hypotheses are statements about the
supposed relationships between or among
variables.
 By testing hypotheses, a researcher may be
able to develop a theory or model.
 A theory or model is an organization of
beliefs into a representation of the factors
that affect behavior.
Social Scientific Research Methods

 The third step in the research process

involves selecting the research
design.
 The type of design will depend upon
several factors, such as the research
setting, the degree of control the
researcher has, and the research
questions.
Social Scientific Research Methods

 The fourth step in the research process is data

collection.
 Sampling is the selection of a representative
group from a larger population for study.
 Two major types
 Random Sampling
 Stratified Sampling
Social Scientific Research Methods

 Random sampling

Refers to the selection of research

participants from a population so that each
individual has an equal probability of
being chosen.
Social Scientific Research Methods

 Stratified sampling is the selection

of research participants based on
categories representing important
distinguishing characteristics of a
population.
Social Scientific Research Methods

 The fifth step in the research process is

analysis of data.
 Once the data are collected, they can
then be analyzed.
 In most cases, data are analyzed using
statistical analysis.
 Statistics are used to describe data and
to test hypotheses.
Social Scientific Research Methods

 The final step of the research process is

the interpretation of the results.
 The researcher draws conclusions about
the meaning of the findings and their
relevance to actual work behavior, as
well as limitations of the current study
and directions for future research
investigations.
Major Research Designs

1. Experimental method

2. Quasi-experiment

3. Correlational method

4. Meta-analysis

5. Case study
Major Research Designs

1. The experimental method is a research

design characterized by a high degree of
control over the research setting to allow
for the determination of cause-and-effect
relationships among variables.
 The defining features of experimentation
are random assignment of participants to
groups and a manipulated independent
variable.
Major Research Designs

 The independent variable is the variable

that is manipulated by the researcher using
the experimental method; while the
dependent variable is the variable that is
acted upon by the independent variable (the
outcome variable).
 The primary advantage of the experimental
method is that it allows us to determine
cause-and-effect relationships among
variables.
Major Research Designs

 The treatment group is the group in an

experimental investigation that is
subjected to the change in the
independent variable; while the control
group is the group that receives no
treatment.
 Extraneous variables are variables
other than the independent variable that
may influence the dependent variable.
Major Research Designs

 The key to the success of the

experimental method is to hold all
extraneous variables constant /
controlled.
 Random assignment is a method of
assigning subjects to groups to control
the effects of extraneous variables.
 Another way to control for extraneous
variables is to conduct research in a
laboratory setting.
Major Research Designs

2. Quasi-experiment
 In many cases, a researcher does not
have the control over the situation
needed to run a true experiment.
 Quasi-experiments involve comparison of
pre-existing groups, where random
assignment of participants to groups is
not possible.
 The unit of analysis might be the group
or organization, rather than the
individual.
Major Research Designs

3. The correlational method is a research

method that examines the relationship between
variables as they occur naturally.
The researcher observes two variables and
measures their statistical association with each
other.
The main advantage is that correlational studies
are often easier to implement in a particular
setting, including the workplace.
Major Research Designs

4. Meta-analysis is a technique that allows

results from several different
research studies to be combined and
summarized.
 Meta-analyses typically rely on
indicators of effect size, or estimates of
the magnitude of the relationship or effect
found in a research investigation.
Major Research Designs

5. The case study is a descriptive

investigation that involves a one-time
assessment of behavior.
 Case studies often involve qualitative
descriptions of behavior.
Case studies may provide rich,
descriptive information about work
behaviors and settings.
Measurement of Variables

 Research variables are operationalized, or

clearly defined, so that they may be concretely
measured.
 Observation is one procedure for measuring
research variables.
 Participative / Obtrusive observation is
research observation in which the presence of
the observer is known to the participants.
 In contrast, Non-Participative / unobtrusive
observation is observation in which the
presence of the observer is not known to the
participants.
Measurement of Variables

 Self-report techniques are

measurement methods that rely on
research participants’ reports of their
own behaviors or attitudes.
 Surveys are a common self-report
measure in which participants are asked
to report on their attitudes, beliefs,
and/or behaviors.
Interpreting and Using
Research Results
 Internal validity is the extent to which
extraneous or confounding variables are
removed.
 External validity (also called
generalizability of results) refers to
whether research results obtained in one
setting will apply to another setting.
Ethical Issues in Research and
Practice in I/O Psychology
 The American Psychological Association
(APA) lists several core principles that
should guide the ethical conduct of
researchers in psychology, including I/O
psychology.
 One key element in working with human
participants is obtaining informed consent.
 With informed consent, a research
participant is fully informed of the nature of
the experiment and has the right to not
participate.
27 27
Quiz
1. I/O psychology made its first major impact
in _______ ?

a. the Hawthorne Studies.

b. the Antebellum Period.

c. World War II

d. World War I
2. Time and motion studies focus on _______ ??

a. The time and effort it takes to train a new

employee.
b. The number of physical motions required to
complete a work-related task.
c. The ways in which machines can be built to
make humans safer and more efficient.

d. Ways to avoid injury in tasks that require

repetitive motion.
3. Definition of psychology would generally
include?

a. The interface between art and science

b. The study of behavior change

c. The analysis of personality

d. Behaviors, thoughts and emotions

4. Research in the early 1920s at the Western Electric
Company demonstrated interplay between social factors
and individuals at work. What is the well-known effect
called ?

a. Human relations effect

b. Workplace demand characteristic effect
c. Hawthorne effect
d. Investigator effect
5. Frederick W. Taylor analyzed work behavior using
________ studies, which involved breaking a task
down into specific movements.

a. process management
b. scientific efficiency
c. time-and-motion
d. manual labor