LAND SEISMIC DATA
ACQUISITION
2D/3D
Chintu Konwar
Sr. Geophysicist(S)
SPIC, ONGC, Mumbai
• Objectives
• Pre-Survey Studies
• 2D/3D Acquisition Geometry Optimization
• Modelling Studies
• Experimental Studies
• Regular Production
• In between Recovery Planning
• Final Data Submission
Geological Objectives:
Structural/Stratigraphic/Strati-structural
Ex: To delineate strati structural formation of Bokabil and Bhuban
Seismo-Geological Objectives:
Time zone of Interest and depth zone of interest
Ex: Zone of Interest (depth) : 500 – 4500 m
Zone of Interest (Time) : 500 – 3000 ms
To find different geologic features:
1. An anticlinal trap 2. A fault bound trap
Pre Survey Studies:
• Geology of the area
• Study of vintage seismic data (both 2D/3D)
Uphole/SR survey status, OD information
Earlier 2D/3D seismic Section
Earlier Time Structure map of target horizon
Amplitude and Frequency information of earlier seismic data
Earlier Acquisition Parameters
Well information/Status etc.
• Reconnaissance Survey
• NELP Block information
Survey Design/Geometry Optimization:
To find the best survey Geometry and acquisition
parameter so that the objective and target can be
achieved in stipulated time with cost effective manner.
2D Survey Parameter:
• Type of spread
• Direction of Shooting
• Group Interval/Shot interval
• Near Offset/Far Offset
• Migration Aperature
• Recording parameter
Record Length
Sampling Interval
Filter (High Cut/Low Cut)
Preamplifier Gain
Types of Spread:
Symmetric Split Spread:
Minimizes Shadow zones, Ensure updip shooting for half spread, easy to correct
positioning errors
End On:
For large Offset when channels are limited
Asymmetric Split Spread:
When both shallow as well as deeper target interest
Spread Type Example:
End-On Type
Split Spread
Fold Optimization:
Foldage to be decided on:
•S/N ratio in the area
•Shot interval
•Group Interval
•Number of channels
Fold Optimization: Continued…
Fold : Number of times a subsurface point is sampled
Nominal fold/Total fold : Provided by a geometry if implemented without skip.
However, the staking fold ( actual number of traces staked) is less due to:
- Skip of shot points in field
- Dead Channels in field
- Editing of noisy Channels at processing
- Muting during processing
- Pre-stack migration
Direction of Shooting:
Source Midpoint Receiver
If, End on spread
Receiver updip in relative to shot
Wave travelling updip suffers less scattering
Intra – array travel time difference is low
Updip Shooting
Total surface coverage to map a steeply
dipping reflector is less
Downdip Shooting
Sampling Theorem:
There should be two samples in a time period of highest
frequency signal.
Nyquist Frequency=1/(2*Sample rate)
In seismic surveys two types of sampling
Sampling of a trace from a channels- Temporal
Sampling of continuous wavefield at different Geophones -
Spatial
Temporal Aliasing Example:
Grey Wave (Actual Signal)
Frequency (Fs) :125 HZ
Time period (T) :8 ms
So required Sample Rate : 4 ms
But if it sampled by
Sample rate (τ) : 5 ms
Nyquist frequency (Fn=1/2*5) : 100 Hz
Result Green (aliased signal)={Fn-(Fs-Fn)}=(2Fn-Fs)=75 Hz
Real Sinusoïd
t (ms)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Aliased sinusoïd
Temporal Aliasing and Spatial Aliasing:
Sampling interval just depends upon:
Time period of maximum frequency of interest
Since frequency above nyquist frequency creates noise (aliased
frequency) when reconstructing the trace from sampled values .
Hence, it is necessary to filter out the frequency above nyquist
frequency- high cut filter( nyquist filter).
Spatial Aliasing:
There should be at least two sample locations within a
wavelengthof a wave of highest wavenumber.
Nyquist Wavenumber=1/(2*trace interval)
Far Offset/Maximum Offset:
Far offset should be sufficient enough for:
velocity analysis
Multiple Attenuation
Maximum offset limited to depth of zone of interest and no of channels
available or group interval.
Thumb rule: Maximum offset >= 1.2 times of zone of interest.
Near Offset/Minimum Offset:
Noise at near trace
Shallow target depends on near offset
It is required to get sufficient fold at shallow target
Keep As minimum as possible
Migration Aperture:
The maximum value of (aperture) :
Z*tanθ
The lateral migration movement of dipping events ( Z*tanθ)
To capture diffraction energy for migration:
Take θ equal to 30 degrees. Z
θ
θ
It is the distance by which the survey line/area to be extended
to get full-migrated coverage and to capture diffracted energy.
Sampling Interval and Recording Filter:
To avoid temporal aliasing of highest frequency:
At least 4 sample in the time period of highest frequency
High Cut Filter:
To attenuate frequencies above the Nyquist frequency
Low Cut Filter: Generally out
Notch Filter:
If necessary like in the area of HT Powerline
3D Survey Parameter:
Geometry Type/Spread
Channels per Receiverline
No of Receiver Lines •Bin size
•Minimum offset range
Total Active Channels
•Maximum offset range
Group Interval •Offset distribution
Shot Interval •Azimuth distribution
Source Line Spacing •Rose diagram
•Azimuth density
Receiver Line Spacing
Shots Per salvo
Swath Roll Over
Unit Template
2D and 3D Unit Template:
3D Template
2D Template
Geometry Design Sequence:
Bin Size = V/4*fmax*Sin
Far Offset Target depth
3-D Fold = Inline fold x Cross line fold
= (No of ch x rec int)/2x SLI X (No of RL/2)
Receiver line spacing : based on shallowest target
Migration aperture: Z tan
Geometry Parameters: Example..
BIN SIZE 12.5x25 m.
Parameter AG-1 (SSS) AG-2 (SSS)
GI 25 25
SI 50 50
RLI 250 250
SLI 400 375
Shot/Salvo 60 70
Max Offset(in Line) 3600 3000
Fold 54(9x6) 56(8x7)
Total Shots 7463 6720
Channel/line 288 240
Total Channel 1728 1680
No of Rec lines 6 7
SWR FSR FSR
Aspect Ratio 0.82 0.58
Min Max Offset 3456 3143
Max Min Offset 472 278
Max Offset 4170 3880
Geometry Parameters:
AG-1 AG-2
Geometry Parameters: Fold
AG-1 AG-2
A
B
D
C
Geometry Parameters: Fold
AG-1(3000-3500m) AG-2(3000-3500(m)
Geometry Parameters: Offset Histogram
AG-1 AG-2
Geometry Parameters: Rose Diagram
AG-1 AG-2
Modelling Studies:
Modelling studies done in NORSAR
Horizons are analyzed for the optimum Geometry
The Illumination maps(Hit maps) were generated
The maximum Record length was decided from Flower Plot.
Modelling Studies:
Horizons in Depth domain are used for modeling Studies
Modelling Studies:
Hit Density Map
Modelling Studies: Flower Plot
Maximum Two way travel time > 4 Sec
Uphole Survey:
•OBJECTIVES:
To obtain Effective medium for dynamite source(Optimum Depth)
To obtain velocity and thickness of weathered layer
To obtain velocity of sub-weathered layer
Uphole Grid :
Uphole Plots:
Uphole Processing :
Depth in metres 23m 22m 21m 20m 19m 18m
Near Surface Model along a line :
Conventionally OD may be decided from
many parameters such as
Amplitude and width of the Pulse from
raw record.
Higher velocity medium in the T-D curve.
Lithology sample from driller.
Experimental Survey:
•OBJECTIVES:
To study the noise characteristics of the area
Charge size/Charge depth optimization
To optimize gain
To design optimum geophone array
Tape Test
Gain test
Experimental Survey Layout:
Geophone Array:
Parallel
Diagonal
Experimental Result:
Tape test:
To segregate reverse channel, noisy channel, bad geophone, bad ground
electronics
Gain Test:
To observe amplitude clipping for near and far offset
Regular Production & Recovery Planning :
Seismic data acquisition on land often suffers foldage losses due to environment
Condition and human habitats.
Loss of fold is not recommended for good interpretation.
Foldage drop can be recovered with proper recovery planning (cannot 100%).
Recovery Planning for logistic problem:
Regular Production & Recovery Planning :
Field QC
Frequency Analysis using FPU :
S/N Ratio using FPU :
FFID 540, Channel No. 2150, S/N: 0.54
Brute Stack generation using FPU :
Field Photos:
Drilling Crew
Instrument Van
Data Submission :
Data Format: SEG D and SEG Y raw with SPS (R,S,X)
Uphole raw and processed Data with NSM model and OD Sheet
Observer Log
Thank You
