Rizal’s Social Origin And

Historical Context
Objectives:

1.Trace Rizal’s Ancestry;

2.Discuss the important role of Filipino-Chinese mestizos in
nation-building during the 19th century; and
3.Explain the Cavite Mutiny and the GomBurZa.
Rizal’s Ancestry
Patrilineal Side of - Daughter of Maria Guiňo
Jose Rizal
- chinese Mestiza in the Hacienda
- San Pedro Tunasan they were
Cirila Alejandra
- Well off Christian Lady Cirila Bernacha blessed with 13
- from Manila (other say : Bernarda children:
Monicha) Juan Mercado Francisco is the
Ines /Inez de la Rosa youngest.
Francisco Clemente

Josefa/ - Grandfather of Jose

Domingo Lam-co Josepha - Elected as Gobernadorcillo, known as
Kapitan Juan in 1808, 1813 and 1823
- native of Sionggue, City of Died five days after her birth - Chosen as Hermano Mayor
Changchow (Chinchew), Province
- resided in Biňan
of Fukien
- elected as Gobernadorcillo of the town
- Arrived in Manila in 1690
- died in 1801
- converted to Christianity
• In 1731, Domingo Lam-co changed his surname
into “Mercado”. Mercado means “Market”.
Matrilineal Side
of Jose Rizal - deputy for the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes
- Chinese lawyer - Prominent Spanish- Filipino Mestizo of Biňan
from Pangasinan
- a Filipina Lorenzo Alberto alonso
Manuel de Quintos Narcisa

Brigida Teodora
Benigna Regina
Gregorio
Other Siblings
Other Siblings Manuel
EugenioUrsua
Jose
- a Japanese

Teodora's Origin was from Rajah

Lakandula
 Agrarian
Relation and
the Friar
Lands
◦ Monastic haciendas were the dominant form of land tenure in the region surrounding
Manila.
◦ Ecclesiastical estates occupied nearly 40 percent of the surface area in the four Tagalog-
speaking provinces.
1.) Bulacan. 2.) Tondo (now known as Rizal). 3.) Cavite. 4.) Laguna de Bay
oAccording to the documents, four religious orders owned at least 21 haciendas in the
provinces outside Manila.
oIn 1903, the American colonial government, fearful of further outbreaks of agrarian
unrest if friar land ownership continues, bought 17 of these estates for division and sale
to the Filipinos while 4 of them remained.
oThree decades later, they were to become principals in the Sakdal Uprising of 1936.
◦ The four Religious Orders that owned haciendas outside Manila:
1. Dominicans owned 10 estates (calling them the largest landlords in the region)
2. Augustinians owned 7 estates.
3. Order of St. John with the large Hacienda Buenavista in Bulacan.
4. Recollects owned two valuable and intensively cultivated estates in Cavite
o The Archdiocese of Manila owned the remaining estate – the Hacienda of
Dinalupihan in Bataan province.
oThe haciendas ranged in size from the Augustinians’ mini estate of Binagliag (294
hectares) in Angat, Bulacan.
oThere, haciendas boundaries conformed very closely to municipal boundaries, which
had been established as administrative and pastoral units.
◦ The close correspondence of town and haciendas seemed to lie in the fact that in Cavite
and Laguna all of the haciendas formed a compact and contiguous group.
◦ From Muntinlupa in the north and Calamba in the south, Laguna de Bay in the east, and
Naic in the west, there stretched an unbroken expanse of friar lands.
◦ Hacienda towns in the Philippines during the 19th century were arranged in the
following: they had a municipal center (municipio) with a centrally located plaza where
the parish church, a government building, and perhaps a jail usually would be found.
◦ The residence of the friar administrators (the casa hacienda) and a granary was the only
visible evidence marking the presence of a friar state.
◦ The municipio was the home for the wealthier citizen of the town- the traders, artisans,
and tenants who leased but did not actually till the land. Outside the municipio were the
barrios where the peasants lived near the fields they cultivated as sharecroppers and
agricultural laborers.
Origin of the Estates
o Historical beginnings of these estates were traced to the land grants
which were made to the early Spanish conquistadores.
o During the late 16th and early 17th centuries, approximately 120
Spaniards received grants within 100- km radius of Manila.
o This land grant consisted of a large unit of land known as a sitio de
gagado mayor (1,742 Hectares) and several smaller units called
caballerias (42.5 hectares) while the larger grants measured two or
three sitios and may have included a sitio de gagado menor (774
hectares).
o These Spanish landowners sold their lands to some Spaniards who
in turn mortgaged or donated their estates to the religious orders
Cavite Mutiny
1872
 Background of the Issue
In 1872, a mutiny was executed by Filipinos against the Spanish friars
which occurred in San Felipe Fort, Cavite. Three Filipino Priests were
executed:
1. Mariano Gomez
2. Jose Burgos
3. Jacinto Zamora

There are 2 different versions and 3 written accounts regarding the

mutiny incident.
 Spanish Version

Jose Montero y Vidal

Spanish Historian & Government Official residing in Manila during the
Cavite Mutiny
His book Historia General de Filipinas was produced in Madrid in 1895
 Official Report

Rafael Izquierdo
The Governor General during the Cavite Mutiny
His report was sent to the Central Government in Madrid, Spain
 Filipino Version

Pardo de Tavera
Filipino Scholar, Scientist, Historical Researcher
Census of the Philippine Islands, 1903
 Spanish Version
• What caused the mutiny
• Who were involved
The Content of the • What happened before, during and after the
mutiny
Document

(What was the document Filipino Version

talking about?) • The state between Filipinos and Spanish
government
• Clarification of the cause of the mutiny and the
people involved
• What happened before, during and after the
mutiny
 Spanish Version
• The Filipinos executed a mutiny led by the native clergy to
overthrow the Spanish government.
• This was fueled by dirty propagandas carried on by
uncontrolled press, democratic, liberal and republican books
Document and pamphlets reaching the Philippines.
Summary
Filipino Version
• Native filipino soldiers and laborers were displeased by
Izquierdo’s official act of abolishing their privileges which
caused the mutiny in San Felipe Fort, Cavite.
 Spanish Version (Izquierdo’s Official Report)
Author’s Purpose: To report the incident headed by the native clergy and to
strengthen the friars’ power in such affairs.
Evidence: “The insurrection was motivated and prepared by the native
Quoted clergy, by the mestizos, and native lawyers...”
Evidences “…and instead continued a vigilant watch wherever possible within the
limited means at my command. I had everything ready, taking into account
the limited peninsular force which composes the army.”
for
Determining Filipino Version
Author’s Purpose: To prove the innocence of the native clergy, intellectuals, and
the Author’s other Filipinos and clarify what really happened in and caused the mutiny.
Purpose Evidence: “The persecutions which began under Governor Izquierdo were based
on false assumptions that the Filipino were desirous of independence, and
although this was an unfounded accusation, there were many martyrs to the
cause, whom were found many of the most intelligent and well-to-do people...”
 When the Official Report was written…
• Philippines was under the Spanish rule.
• The Central Government in Spain decided to deprive the friars
the power to intervene in Philippine government affairs as well
as in the direction and management of schools.
What was
happening at
the time of the When the Filipino Version was written…
history? • 5 years after the Spanish rule ended.
• The country was already modernized and westernized.
 What happened?

• There was dissatisfaction among the workers of the arsenal

as well as the members of the native army after their
privileges were drawn back by Gen. Izquierdo.
• Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict policies that
made the Filipinos move and turn away from Spanish
government out of disgust.
 What happened?
• The Central Government failed to conduct an investigation on
what truly transpired but relied on reports of Izquierdo and the
friars and the opinion of the public
• The happy days of the friars were already numbered in 1872
when the Central Government in Spain decided to deprive them
of the power to intervene in government affairs as well as in the
direction and management of schools prompting them to commit
frantic moves to extend their stay and power
 What happened?
• The Filipino clergy members actively participated in the secularization
movement in order to  allow Filipino priests to take hold of the parishes
in the country making them prey to the rage of the friars
• Filipinos during the time were active participants, and responded to
what they deemed as injustices
• The execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of the
Spanish government, for the action severed the ill-feelings of the
Filipinos and the event inspired Filipino patriots to call
 Cavite Mutiny Accounts

• What happened
Before the Mutiny
During the Mutiny
• Cause of the Mutiny
• People Involved
• What happened
After the Mutiny
 WHAT HAPPENED BEFORE THE MUTINY
Jose Montero y Vidal Rafael Izquierdo Pardo de Tavera
On 1871, Governor Rafael Rafael Izquierdo received The new governor Rafael
Izquierdo took charge of the anonymous letters continuously Izquierdo’s first act was to
government after La Torre. but did not mind it because he prohibit the founding of a
There was an information was confident that he would be school of arts and trades.
received that a mutiny against able to stop any uprising. He also abolished the privileges
the Spaniards would occur and (payment of tribute tax and to
it will result to the assassination work certain days each year on
of all, including the friars. public improvements) of the
It has been going on since La soldiers and the laborers.
Torre was in charged. The The dissatisfaction and
leaders Tavera, Zamora, and the discontentment spread around
curate of Bacoor would meet at the workmen.
times.
 WHAT HAPPENED DURING THE MUTINY
Jose Montero y Vidal Rafael Izquierdo Pardo de Tavera
The signal for the mutiny was the firing of They planned to set fire in Tondo There was an uprising among the soldiers
rockets but the native soldiers in Cavite (as a diversion) to start the revolution, they in San Felipe fort, Cavite. They
mistook the fireworks display as the signal would seize fort Santiago and fire cannons assassinated the commanding officer and
which caused the mutiny to fail. They as the signal for their success. The rebels other Spanish officers in charge of the
assassinated the commander of the fort and in Cavite were helped by 500 natives (in fort. 40 marines attached to the arsenal and
wounded his wife. Two Spaniards were Bacoor) led by Camerino. The rebels in 22 artillery men under La Madrid took part
dispatched to inform authorities in Manila Cavite made the signals by lighting in the uprising. General Izquierdo sent a
but was killed along the way. The news lanterns but the natives failed to gather commanding general to reinforce the
had been relayed to Governor Izquierdo by arms and ammunition because of the native troops. They executed La Madrid
Domingo Mijares. Regiments led by Spanish navy positioned at the fort. The and the rebels. Others were captured and
Felipe Ginove was sent the next day, they uprising should have started in Manila but taken to Manila. Since then, no further
demanded renditions and waited to avoid the rebels in Cavite went ahead of time. disturbance of peace occurred.
bloodshed but failed. They killed the The military governor in Cavite and the
majority of the rebels and the others commanders of Regiment 7 obliged the
became prisoners. rebels to take refuge in the fort of San
Felipe.
 • The signal for the mutiny was the firing of rockets but the
native soldiers in Cavite mistook the fireworks display as
the signal which caused the mutiny to fail.
During the • They assassinated the commander of the fort and wounded
his wife.
Mutiny • Two Spaniards were dispatched to inform authorities in
Manila but was killed along the way.
Spanish Version • The news had been relayed to Governor Izquierdo by
Domingo Mijares. Regiments led by Felipe Ginove was
sent the next day, they demanded renditions and waited to
(Jose Montero y Vidal) avoid bloodshed but failed.
• They killed the majority of the rebels and the others became
prisoners.
 • The rebels planned to set fire in Tondo (as a diversion) to
start the revolution, they would seize fort Santiago and fire
cannons as the signal for their success.
During the • The rebels in Cavite were helped by 500 natives (in Bacoor)
led by Camerino. The rebels in Cavite made the signals by
Mutiny lighting lanterns but the natives failed to gather arms and
ammunition because of the Spanish navy positioned at the
Official Report fort.
(Rafael Izquierdo) • The uprising should have started in Manila but the rebels in
Cavite went ahead of time.
• The military governor in Cavite and the commanders of
Regiment 7 obliged the rebels to take refuge in the fort of
San Felipe.
 • There was an uprising among the soldiers in San Felipe fort,
Cavite.
• They assassinated the commanding officer and other
During the Spanish officers in charge of the fort.
Mutiny • 40 marines attached to the arsenal and 22 artillery men
under La Madrid took part in the uprising.
• General Izquierdo sent a commanding general to reinforce
Filipino Version the native troops.
(Pardo de Tavera) • They executed La Madrid and the rebels. Others were
captured and taken to Manila. Since then, no further
disturbance of peace occurred.
 CAUSE OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
Spanish Version Official Report Filipino Version
Jose Montero y Vidal Rafael Izquierdo Pardo de Tavera

Aside from the abolition of the The goal to overthrow the Spanish Native filipino soldiers and
privileges, other causes were: government to install a new “hari” laborers were displeased by
which could be Jose Burgos or Izquierdo’s official act of
Jacinto Zamora, who are parish
Spanish Revolution which priests in Manila.
abolishing their privileges of
overthrew the secular throne not having to pay annual tribute
• Dirty propagandas carried Further encouraged by the native and from rendering the forced
on by uncontrolled press, clergy by claiming that God is with labor.
democratic, liberal and them, and those who do not revolt
republican books and will be killed.
These “Indios” were also promised
pamphlets reaching the
of wealth and power as a reward.
Philippines
Newspapers distributed from Madrid
(El Eco Filipino).
 WHO WERE INVOLVED IN THE MUTINY
Spanish Version Official Report Filipino Version
Jose Montero y Vidal Rafael Izquierdo Pardo de Tavera

Jose Burgos Native Clergy Filipino soldiers

Jacinto Zamora Mestizos Filipino laborers
Mariano Gomez Native Lawyers
Residents from Manila and Cavite
Antonio Maria Regidor and some from other provinces
Pardo de Tavera
Pedro Carillo
Gervasio Sanchez
Mauricio de Leon
Enrique Paraiso
Jose & Pio Basa
Other Filipino laborers, priests,
native soldiers
 • On February 17, 1872, GomBurZa fathers
were executed by strangulation (Garrote).
• Others were also executed and life
imprisoned.
After the Mutiny

What happened after

the Mutiny?

Mariano Gomez Jose Burgos Jacinto Zamora