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Chapter 2 Presentation

This document discusses frequency distributions and graphs. It defines frequency as the number of times a data value occurs. There are four types of frequency distributions: ungrouped, grouped, relative, and cumulative. Ungrouped distributions show the frequency of each value, while grouped distributions organize values into intervals. Relative distributions show proportions rather than counts. Cumulative distributions sum frequencies up to each value. Common graphs are pie charts, bar charts, and histograms, which visually represent the different distribution types.

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Laurence Bernard Balbin II
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15 views22 pages

Chapter 2 Presentation

This document discusses frequency distributions and graphs. It defines frequency as the number of times a data value occurs. There are four types of frequency distributions: ungrouped, grouped, relative, and cumulative. Ungrouped distributions show the frequency of each value, while grouped distributions organize values into intervals. Relative distributions show proportions rather than counts. Cumulative distributions sum frequencies up to each value. Common graphs are pie charts, bar charts, and histograms, which visually represent the different distribution types.

Uploaded by

Laurence Bernard Balbin II
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 2

Frequency Distribution
and Graphs
Frequency is the number of times a
data value or groups of data values
(called classes) occur in a data set.
A frequency distribution
- is the pattern of frequencies of a variable.
It’s the number of times each possible
value of variable occurs in a data set.
They are visual displays that organise and
present frequency counts so that the
information can be interpreted more easily.
Example: Frequency distribution in the 2022 Winter Olympics, Team USA won 25
medals.
4 TYPES OF FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTIONS
1. Ungrouped Frequency Distributions
2. Grouped Frequency Distributions
3. Relative Frequency Distributions
4. Cumulative Frequency Distribution
Ungrouped frequency distributions:
The number of observations of each value of a
variable. You can use this type of frequency
distribution for categorical variables.
Grouped frequency
distributions :
The number of observations of
each class interval of a variable.
Class intervals are ordered
groupings of a variable’s values.
You can use this type of
frequency distribution
for quantitative variables.
Relative frequency
distributions:
The proportion of observations
of each value or class interval
of a variable. You can use this
type of frequency distribution
for any type of variable when
you’re more interested
in comparing frequencies than
the actual number of
observations.
Cumulative frequency
distributions:
The sum of the frequencies less
than or equal to each value or
class interval of a variable. You
can use this type of frequency
distribution for ordinal or
quantitative variables when you
want to understand how often
observations fall below certain
values.
Graphical Presentation
-A graphical presentation is a
visual display of data and statistical
results. It is more effective than
presenting data in tabular form.
Types of Graph
Pie Charts
Bar Graphs
Histogram
Graphical presentation can be used for the
following purposes:

•compare categorical data


•compare series of data overtime
•percentage of total comparison
•relationship between two variables
•relationship between three variables
1. PIE CHART
- is a graph that shows the relative
frequency distribution of a nominal variable.
A pie chart is a circle that’s divided
into one slice for each value. The
size of the slices shows their relative
frequency.
Frequency Table
Smoking Status Frequency Percentage

Never 110 55%

Past 50 25%

Current 40 20%

TOTAL 200 100%


PIE CHART Smoking Status

Current
20%

Never
Past 55%
25%
2. BAR CHART
-A bar chart is a graph that shows
the frequency or relative frequency
distribution of a categorical variable
(nominal or ordinal).
0.60

0.50

0.40
Frequency

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
Never Past Current
Smoking Status
3. HISTOGRAM - A histogram is a graph that shows the frequency
or relative frequency distribution of a quantitative variable. It looks
similar to a bar chart.
Thank You
for
Listening!
“Your thoughts determine your
frequency, and your feelings tell you
immediately what frequency you are
on”.
=-RHONDA BYRNE-=
Frequency Table
Smoking Status Frequency Percentage

Never 110 55%

Past 50 25%

Current 40 20%

TOTAL 200 100%


Frequency Table
Smoking Status Frequency Percentage

Never 110 55%

Past 50 25%

Current 40 20%

TOTAL 200 100%

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