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Lecture 6 Relays Contd..

Static and numerical relays are newer technologies that provide improvements over electromechanical relays. Static relays use electronic components like transistors and ICs, have faster operation and fewer mechanical parts. Numerical relays acquire voltage/current samples digitally and use algorithms to calculate faults, allowing for more sophisticated protection. They have been enabled by advances in computer hardware. Numerical relays offer benefits like flexibility and are increasingly replacing static and electromechanical relays in complex power systems.

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34 views25 pages

Lecture 6 Relays Contd..

Static and numerical relays are newer technologies that provide improvements over electromechanical relays. Static relays use electronic components like transistors and ICs, have faster operation and fewer mechanical parts. Numerical relays acquire voltage/current samples digitally and use algorithms to calculate faults, allowing for more sophisticated protection. They have been enabled by advances in computer hardware. Numerical relays offer benefits like flexibility and are increasingly replacing static and electromechanical relays in complex power systems.

Uploaded by

nakkasrinu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Power System Switchgear and

Protection

Lecture 06: Static and Numerical Relays

VARDHAMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HYDERABAD


Autonomous institution, affiliated to JNTUH
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Prepared by N. Srinvias
Static Relays
• Static relays contain electronic circuitry which
may include transistors, ICs, diodes and other
electronic components.
• There is a comparator circuit in the relay, which
compares two or more currents or voltages and
gives an output which is applied to either a
slave relay or a thyristor circuit.
• The slave relay is an electromagnetic relay
which finally closes the contact.
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering
Contd…
• A relay using a thyristor circuit is a wholly static relay.
• Static relays possess the advantages of having low
burden on the CT and VT, fast operation, absence of
mechanical inertia and contact trouble, long life and
less maintenance.
• Static relays have proved to be superior to
electromechanical relays and they are being used for
the protection of important lines, power stations and
sub-stations.

Department of Electrical and Electronics


Engineering
Numerical Relays
• Numerical relays are the latest development in
this area.
• These relays acquire the sequential samples of
the ac quantities in numeric (digital) data form
through the data acquisition system, and
process the data numerically using an
algorithm to calculate the fault discriminants
and make trip decisions.

Department of Electrical and Electronics


Engineering
Contd…
• Numerical relays have been developed
because of tremendous advancement in VLSI
and computer hardware technology.
• They are based on numerical (digital) devices,
e.g., microprocessors, microcontrollers, Digital
Signal Processors (DSPs), etc.
• At present microprocessor/microcontroller-
based numerical relays are widely used.

Department of Electrical and Electronics


Engineering
Contd…
• The present downward trend in the cost of Very
Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits has
encouraged wide application of numerical relays for
the protection of modern complex power networks.
• Economical, powerful and sophisticated numerical
devices (e.g., microprocessors, microcontrollers,
DSPs, etc) are available today because of
tremendous advancement in computer hardware
technology.

Department of Electrical and Electronics


Engineering
Contd…
• Numerical relaying has become a viable
alternative to the traditional relaying systems
employing electromechanical and static relays.
• Intelligent numerical relays using artificial
Intelligence techniques such as Artificial
Neural Networks (ANNs) and Fuzzy Logic
Systems are presently under active research
and development stage.

Department of Electrical and Electronics


Engineering
Basic Circuit of Numerical Relays

Department of Electrical and Electronics


Engineering
Classification of Protective Relays Based on Speed of Operation

Protective relays can be generally classified by their speed of operation as follows:


(i) Instantaneous relays
(ii) Time-delay relays
(iii) High-speed relays
(iv) Ultra high-speed relays
Instantaneous Relays
In these relays, no intentional time delay is introduced to slow down their response. These relays
operate as soon as a secure decision is made.
Time-delay Relays
In these relays, an intentional time delay is introduced between the relay decision time and the
initiation of the trip action.
High-speed Relays
These relays operate in less than a specified time. The specified time in present practice is 60
milliseconds (3 cycles on a 50 Hz system).
Ultra High-speed Relays
Though this term is not included in the relay standard but these relays are commonly considered to
operate within 5 milliseconds.

Department of Electrical and Electronics


Engineering
Classification of Protective Relays Based on
their Generation of Development
Relays can be classified into the following
categories, depending on generation of their
development.
(i) First-generation relays: Electromechanical
relays
(ii) Second-generation relays: Static relays
(iii) Third-generation relays: Numerical relays.

Department of Electrical and Electronics


Engineering
Classification of Protective Relays Based on
their Function
• Protective relays can be classified into the
following categories, depending on the duty
they are required to perform:
(i) Overcurrent relays
(ii) Undervoltage relays
(iii) Impedance relays
(iv) Underfrequency relays
(v) Directional relays
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATIC RELAYS AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAYS

Department of Electrical and Electronics


Engineering
Contd…

Department of Electrical and Electronics


Engineering
COMPARISON BETWEEN ELECTROMECHANICAL
RELAYS AND NUMERICAL RELAYS

Department of Electrical and Electronics


Engineering
Contd…

Department of Electrical and Electronics


Engineering
MHO (ADMITTANCE OR ANGLE
ADMITTANCE) RELAY
• A MHO relay measures a component of admittance.
• But its characteristic, when plotted on the impedance
diagram (R-X diagram) is a circle, passing through the origin.
• It is inherently a directional relays as it detects the fault only
in the forward direction.
• This is obvious from its circular characteristic passing
through the origin, as shown in Figure.
• It is also called an admittance or angle admittance relay.
• It is called a MHO relay because its characteristic is a straight
line when plotted on an admittance diagram (G-B axes).

Department of Electrical and Electronics


Engineering
General R-X diagram

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Characteristics of Mho relay

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Engineering
Connection diagram of Mho relay

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Contd…
• Three units of MHO relays are used for the protection
of a section of the line.
• The I unit is a high speed unit to protect 80%–90% of
the line section.
• The II unit protects the rest of the line section, and its
reach extends up to 50% of the adjacent line section.
• The III unit is meant for back-up protection of the
adjacent line section.
• The II and III units operate after a preset delay, usually
0.2 s to 0.5 s and 0.4 s to 1 s respectively.
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering
Offset MHO Relay
• The offset MHO relay has more tolerance to
arc resistance.
• It can also see a close-up fault and a fault
which lies behind the busbar.
• Hence, it is able to clear busbar faults.
• A typical value of offset is 10% of the
protected line length.

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Engineering
Characteristics of Offset MHO Relay

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Engineering
Inputs for distance relays

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Contd…

Department of Electrical and Electronics


Engineering
Thank You

Department of Electrical and Electronics


Engineering

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