Microcontroller Based MHO Relay

EED | 2023

PROJECT TEAM MEMBERS NAME OF SUPERVISOR

1. Khushal Jhanwar ( BT20EEE052) Dr. T.G. Arora
2.Sandarbha Komujwar (BT20EEE054)
3. Himanshu Patil( BT20EEE084)

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Index
1. Problem Statement
2. Study Of MHO Relay
3. Introduction to arduino
4. Why Arduino Nano
5. Architecture of Arduino Nano
6. Mann Morrison Technique
7. Block Diagram
8. Requirements
9. Reference

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Problem Statement

Design of Microcontroller
Based
MHO Relay

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Study Of MHO Relay
• Need of protection in power system
• Different types of relays
• Classification of distance relay
• Introduction to Mho relay
• Principle operation of Mho relay
• Characteristics of Mho relay
• Operating condition of Mho relay
• Advantages of Mho relay
• Drawbacks of Mho relay
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Need of protection in power system
• Asset protection.
• Personnel safety.
• Continuity of power supply.
• System stability.
• Fault identification and location.
• Regulatory compliance.
• Fault detection and diagnostics.

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 Different types of relays

Types of Relays

Directional Differentia Distance

Overcurrent
Overcurrent l
Relay Relay
relay Relay

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Classification of distance relay

• Impedance Relays: Operating condition: Zr< Zn

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• Reactance Relays: Operating condition: Xr < Xn

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• Mho Relay: Operating Condition : Zr < Zn Cos(φ - 𝜏 )

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Introduction mho relay
Mho Relay (Admittance Relay): It is the relay made directional by potential
polarization. Characteristics of Mho relay is circle passing through origin and diameter
equal to impedance setting of relay at angle T with respect to resistance axis. All the
impedance vector whose tip lies inside the circle will cause of operation of relay. It is
used for protection of long transmission line as in long lines power swings are frequent
and effect of arc resistance is not dominating.

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Characteristics of Mho relay

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Operating condition of mho relay
It is the relay made directional by Yn < Yr Cos(φ - 𝜏)
potential polarization.
Here, 1/Yr < 1/Yn Cos(φ - 𝜏)
Operating torque is generated by Zr < Zn Cos(φ - 𝜏 )
directional element
This is the operating condition
Toperating = K1VrIr Cos(φ - 𝜏)
Zr -> Impedance measured by the relay
Restraning torque is generated by Zn -> Impedance setting or reach of
Trestraining = K2Vr2 + K3 K3=spring relay
constant
Neglecting K3 operating condition : Top >
φ -> angle between Vr and Ir
Tres 𝜏 -> MTA ( Maximum torque angle )
K1VrIr cos(φ - 𝜏) > K2Vr2
K2/K1 < Ir/Vr Cos(φ - 𝜏)
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Advantages of Mho relay
• Directional feature

• High Speed

• Least affected by power swing

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Drawbacks of Mho relay
• Sensitivity to System Changes

• Lack of Fault Discrimination

• Performance Under Heavy Loading

• Most affected by Arc Resistance

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Introduction
What is arduino?
•An Arduino microcontroller is a small, programmable device that can be used to control
electronic devices. It is based on a microcontroller chip, which is a computer on a single
chip that has all the components of a computer, including a processor, memory, and
input/output (I/O) ports.

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WHY ARDUINO NANO?
• There are multiple options of microcontrollers to make a microcontroller based MHO relay like:
i. Arduino Uno
ii. ESP32
iii. Arduino Nano

The reasons to choose Arduino Nano are:

• Smaller size

• Less power consumption

• Wide availability

• Reliability

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 Microcontroller

Arduino ESP32
Atmega328p Esp32

UNO NANO
Bigger Size Smaller Size

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Differences Between All the Options
Feature Arduino Nano Arduino Uno ESP32

Microcontroller ATmega328P ATmega328P ESP32

Clock speed 16 MHz 16 MHz 240 MHz

RAM 32 KB 32 KB 520 KB

Flash 32 KB 32 KB 4 MB

Power consumption 10 mA 20 mA 80 mA

Dimensions 45 x 18 mm 68.6 x 53.3 mm 58.5 x 21.5 mm

Weight 4.6 g 28 g 13.5 g

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From All the results we got
• We can see that ESP32 has bigger size than Arduino Nano.
• Smaller size is constraint for our project. As a result Arduino Nano is better option
than the ESP32.

• Arduino Uno and Nano are based on same microcontroller chip known as
ATMega328P. All the performance characteristics clock speed, RAM, Flash in
Arduino Uno and Nano are same in both because of that.
• Even more than that, power consumption, Size and Weight are extremely less than.
Therefore, Nano is chosen for our project.

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Fault Analysis of BLDC

Architecture of Arduino Nano

The Arduino Nano has 30 pins, which are divided into the following categories:
• Power pins: These pins provide power to the Arduino Nano. The Vin pin can be used to supply
power from an external source, while the 5V and 3.3V pins provide regulated power from the
Arduino Nano's onboard regulator. The GND pin is the ground pin.
• Digital pins: These pins can be used as digital input or output pins. They can be used to read the
state of sensors or to control devices.
• Serial pins: The D0 and D1 pins are used for serial communication. These pins can be used to
communicate with other devices, such as computers or other Arduino boards.

• PWM pins: The D3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 pins can be used to generate pulse-width modulated

(PWM) signals.

• Analog pins: These pins can be used to read analog signals. Analog signals are signals that can
have a continuous range of values, such as the voltage from a sensor. The A0 to A7 pins can be
used to read analog signals.

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•The digital pins can be used as inputs or outputs. They can be used to read data from
sensors or to control actuators.
•The PWM pins can be used to generate analog outputs. This can be used to control the
brightness of LEDs or the speed of motors.
•The analog pins can be used to read analog signals from sensors. This can be used to
measure temperature, light, or sound.
•The 3.3V pin provides a 3.3V power output. This can be used to power devices that require
a 3.3V power supply.
•The GND pin is the ground pin. It provides a common ground for all of the pins on the
board.
•The VIN pin is the external power input pin. This pin can be used to supply power to the
board from an external power source.
•The ICSP header is used for in-circuit serial programming. This allows the board to be
programmed without the need to remove it from the circuit.

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Pin Diagram of Arduino Nano

Fault Analysis of
BLDC

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 Mann-Morrison Technique
Operating Condition of Mho Relay :-

Zr < Zn*Cos(φ - 𝜏)
Vm < Im*Zn*Cos(φ - 𝜏 )

We know, V = Vm*Sin(ωt) ………Eq(1)

I = Im*Sin(ωt – φ) ………Eq(2)
By differentiating V & I, we get:
V’ = ω*Vm*Cos(ωt) ………Eq(3)
I’ = ω*Im*Cos(ωt – φ) ………Eq(4)
Therefore, Vm = √(V² + (V’/ ω)²)………Eq(5)
Im = √(I² + (I’/ ω)²)………Eq(6)
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Dividing Eq(2) with Eq(4)
(I/(I’/ ω)) = Tan(ωt – φ)
Therefore, φ = Tan-1 (ω*I/I’)
These calculations are for analog, we are taking digital

In and Vn :- Instantaneous value of Nth sample

Δt = Time between two samples

In’ = (In+1 - In-1)/(2* Δt) Vn’ = (Vn+1 - Vn-1)/(2* Δt)

Im = √(In²+[(In+1 - In-1)/(2*ω*Δt)]²) Vm = √(Vn²+[(Vn+1 - Vn-1)/(2*ω*Δt)]²)

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM
LED

Potential
Transformer Adder
VOLTAGE
INPUT
MICROCONTROLLER Contact

CURRENT
INPUT
Current Phase
Transformer Adder
Shifter
Keypad

 
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 Requirements
• Arduino Nano
• MULTISIM/PROTEUS SIMULATOR
• Adder Circuit
• Phase Shifter
• Current Transformer
• Potential Transformer

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 Reference
• 1] IEEE Tutorial Course, “Microprocessor Relays and Protection Systems”. The Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, INC., 1987
• [2] IEEE Tutorial Course, “Computer Relaying”, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, INC.,
1979.
• [3] V. Gurevich, Electric Relays Principles and Applications, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2006.
• [4] "MiPower Power System Analysis Software Package- User Manual," Power Research and Development
Consultants Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India.
• [5] Bayindir R., Sagiroglu S., Colak I., An intelligent power factor corrector for power system using artificial
neural Networks, Electric Power Systems Research 79 (2009) 152–160.
• [6] Azcondo F. J., Diaz F. J., Branas C., Casanueva R., Microcontroller Power Mode Stabilized Power Factor
Correction Stage for High Intensity Discharge Lamp Electronic Ballast, IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics,
Vol. 22, No. 3, 2007, 845-853.
• [7] Sagiroglu S., Colak I., Bayindir R., Power factor correction technique based on artificial neural Networks,
Energy Conversion and Management 47 (2006), 3204–3215.

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Thank You !

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