Forces and Motion

Reference:
Prentice Hall
Physical Science: Concepts in Action
Chapter 12
 What is Force?
• A push or pull that acts on an object
• Can cause a resting object to move
• Can accelerate a moving object
– By changing its speed or direction
Types of Forces
Types of Forces
 How is force measured?
• Spring scale
– Stretch of the spring depends on the mass
of the object acting on it
• Unit of Force
– Newton (N)
– 1 kg to accelerate 1 m/s2

–
 How is force represented?
• Use arrows
– Direction
– Strength
• Length represents
strength or
magnitude

– The scale with more apples, greater mass, has a longer

arrow. The arrow is pointed downward due to mass is
below the balance pulling downwards.
 Combining Forces
• Forces in the same direction are added
together +
• Force in the opposite direction are
subtracted -
• Net Force
– Overall force acting on an object
 Balanced vs. Unbalanced Forces
• Balanced
– Combine to produce a net force of zero
– No change in the object’s motion
• Unbalanced
– Net force equals the size of the larger
force minus the size of the smaller force
– Net force does not equal zero
– Causes an object to accelerate
Representing Forces
Sample Illustrations

• Net force: 10N+10N=20N to the right

• Change in motion: The box will move to the right.
• Is this force balanced or unbalanced? Unbalanced
Sample Illustrations

• Net force: 10N-5N=5N to the right

• Change in motion: The box will move to the right.
• Is this force balanced or unbalanced? Unbalanced
Sample Illustrations

• Net force: 10N-10N=0N

• Change in motion: The box will not move because it has
a net force of zero.
• Is this force balanced or unbalanced? Balanced
 Friction
• Force that opposes the motion of
objects that touch as they move past
each other
• Acts at the surface where objects are
in contact
• 4 types of friction
 4 Types of Friction
• Static friction
– Force that acts on objects
that are not moving
– Always acts in the direction
opposite to that of the
applied force
• Sliding friction
– Force that opposes the
direction of motion of an
object as it slides over a
surface
 4 Types of Friction
• Rolling friction
– Change in shape at the point
of rolling contact

• Fluid friction
– Opposes the motion of an
object through fluid
– Increases the speed of the
object moving through the
fluid
– Fluids (gas and liquids)
 Gravity
• Force that pulls objects
down to earth
• Attractive force
– Pulls objects together
• Earth’s gravity
• Acts downwards towards
the center of the earth
 Gravity and Falling Objects
• Gravity causes objects to
accelerate downward
• Air resistance (fluid
friction) acts in the
direction opposite to the
motion and reduces
acceleration
 Gravity and Falling Objects
• Terminal velocity
– Constant velocity of a
falling object when force of
resistance equals gravity

• Acceleration due to gravity is

represented by g. The
standard value of g on the
surface of the earth at sea
level is 9.8 m/s2.
 Motion
• Change of position with respect to
time
• Can be describe in terms of
distance, displacement, speed,
velocity, acceleration and frame of
reference
• Displacement
– Direct length between any two points taken
direction into consideration. SI unit is meter (m)
• Speed
– How fast or slow an object moves with respect to
time. Rate of change of distance. SI unit is meter
per second (m/s)
• Velocity
– Speed with direction. SI unit is meter per second
(m/s) + direction
• Acceleration
– Rate at which an object changes its velocity. SI
unit is meter per second2 (m/s2)
 Projectile Motion
• Motion of a falling object after given an
initial forward velocity
• Causes a curved path
 Let’s have an activity!
• By pair, copy and answer the activity in
your activity notebook.
Summary:
• Force is a push or pull that acts on an object. Can cause a resting
object to move. Can accelerate a moving object by changing its
speed or direction
• 2 Types of Forces: contact force and non-contact force
• Contact force -force exerted by an object that touches another
object. Kinds: applied, normal, spring, drag and frictional force
• Non-contact force- force exerted when there is no visible object
exerting the force. Kinds: magnetic, electric, and gravitational
force
• Unit of Force is Newton (N) ; 1N = 1 kg x 1 m/s2
• Forces have a magnitude (strength) and a direction. Arrows are
used to represent force. It tells direction and strength (the length
of arrow represents strength or magnitude)
• Forces in the same direction are added together(+) while the
opposite direction are subtracted(-)
• Net Force is the overall force acting on an object
• Balanced Forces - Combine to produce a net force of zero. No
change in the object’s motion
• Unbalanced Forces - Net force does not equal zero. Causes an
object to accelerate. Net force equals the size of the larger force
minus the size of the smaller force
• Friction - Force that opposes the motion of objects that touch as
they move past each other. Slows down the movement of an
object.
• 4 types of friction: Static friction(not moving object), Sliding friction
(sliding object), Rolling friction (rolling object), Fluid friction (object
in water)
• Gravity - Force that pulls objects down to earth. Always at work
on earth.
• Terminal velocity - Constant velocity of a falling object when
force of resistance equals gravity
• Acceleration due to gravity is represented by g. The standard value
of g on the surface of the earth at sea level is 9.8 m/s2.
• Motion - Change of position with respect to time
• Can be describe in terms of distance, displacement, speed, velocity,
acceleration and frame of reference
• Displacement - Direct length between any two points taken
direction into consideration. SI unit is meter (m)
• Speed - How fast or slow an object moves with respect to time.
Rate of change of distance. SI unit is meter per second (m/s)
• Velocity - Speed with direction. SI unit is meter per second (m/s) +
direction
• Acceleration - Rate at which an object changes its velocity. SI unit
is meter per second2 (m/s2)
• Projectile motion - Motion of a falling object after given an initial
forward velocity; causes a curved path
Test I: Direction: Write the letter of your choice.
1. The force that slows things down is ___________.
a. centripetal force b. gravity c. inertia d. friction
2. What force is always at work here on Earth?
a. Balanced and equal b. Unnatural c. Gravity d. Unbalanced
3. A change to an object’s motion is caused by _______________ .
a. balanced forces b. Unbalanced forces c. acceleration d. velocity
4. What unit do scientists use to measure force?
a. Newton b. grams c. meter d. meter per second per second
5. The test paper is sitting at rest on your desk. Which of the following
statements best describes this situation?
a. There are no forces acting on your paper.
b. Your paper pushes on the desk only.
c. The desk pushes on your paper only.
d. The forces acting on the paper are balanced.
6. When an object is acted on by unbalanced forces, the object will
always_______.
a. accelerate c. continue at the same speed
b. continue in the same direction d. come to stop
7. A push or pull that acts on an object
a. force b. motion c. gravity d. friction
8. Change of position with respect to time
a. force b. motion c. gravity d. friction
9. Which of the following is NOT a non-contact force?
a. electric force b. magnetic force c. drag force d. gravitational force
10. Which of the following is a contact force?
a. spring force b. normal force c. applied force d. all of the above
Test II: Provide the following information needed based on the illustration .
(5pts)
Net force:
Change in motion: 15N 3N
Is this force balanced or unbalanced?