The document discusses browser fundamentals including definitions, functions, architecture, and basic features. It defines a browser as software used to access web resources. It describes browser components like the user interface, rendering engine, and networking. It also explains the process of requesting and receiving web pages.
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3browser Fundamentals
The document discusses browser fundamentals including definitions, functions, architecture, and basic features. It defines a browser as software used to access web resources. It describes browser components like the user interface, rendering engine, and networking. It also explains the process of requesting and receiving web pages.
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Browser Fundamentals
• Definition: Web browser is a kind of software which is
basically used to use resources on the web. – Over the networks, two computers communicate with each other. – In this communication, when request is made by one computer then that computer is called a client and when the request gets served by another computer then that computer is called server. Thus exchange of information takes place via Client- Server communication. – When user wants some web document then he makes the request for it using the web browser. – The browsers are the programs that are running on the clients' machines. The request then gets served by the server and the requested page is then returned to the client. It is getting displayed to the client on the web browser. – The web browsers can browse the information on the server and hence is the same Various web browsers that are commonly used are • Web browser supports variety of protocols but the most commonly used protocol on the web browser is Hyper Text· Transfer Protocol (HTTP). This protocol is typically used when browser communicates with the server. 3.1Functions Defined by Web Browser
• Various functions of web browser are -
1. Reformat the URL and send a valid HTTP request. 2. When user gives the address of particular website it is in the form of domain name. The web browser coverts the DNS to corresponding IP address. 3. The web browser establishes a TCP connection with the Web browser while processing the user's request. 4. The web browsers send the HTTP request to the web server. 5. The web server processes the HTTP by the web browser and returns the page to the client machine. The web browser the client's machine displays this web appropriate format. 3.2 Web Browser Architecture • The main components of web browser architecture are as follows • User Interface : – Using the user interface user interacts, with the browser engine. – The user interface contains, Address bar, back/forward button, book mark menu and so on. The page requested by the user is displayed in this user interface. • Browser Engine: – It contains the mechanism by which the input of user interface is communicated to the Rendering Engine. – The browser engine is responsible for querying, the rendering engine according to various user interfaces. • Rendering Engine: – It is responsible for displaying the requested contents on the screen. – The rendering engine interprets the HTML, XML and JavaScript that, comprises the given URL and generates the layout that is displayed in the user interface. – The main component of rendering, engine is HTML Parser. The job of the HTML parser is to parse the HTML markup into a parse tree. – It is important to note that Chrome, unlike most browsers, holds multiple instances of the rendering engine - one for each tab, each tab is a separate process. – Different browsers use different rendering engines - Internet Explorer uses Trident, Firefox uses Gecko, Safari uses Web kit, Chrome and Opera uses Web Kit. • Networking: – The functionality, of networking is to retrieve the URL using common internet protocols such as HTTP and FTP. – The networking is responsible to handle the internet communication and security issues. – The network component may use the cache for retrieved documents. This feature is useful for increasing the response time. • JavaScript Interpreter: – The interpreter executes the JavaScript code which is embedded in a web page. • User Interface Backend : – It is basically used to draw the widgets like combo boxes and windows. • Data Persistence : – This is a small database created on local drives of the computer where the browser is installed. – The data storage manages user data such as book marks, cookies, and preferences. 3.3 Working of Web Browser • Following is the stepwise explanation of this process Step 1: – First user types the websites address for demanding the desired web page for example - – http://www.vtubooks.com/home.aspx and then the home page of this website appears on the screen. – The web address is divided into three parts: • The first part is the protocol. The http is a hypertext transfer protocol which tells the web browser that user wishes to communicate with web server on port 80. Port 80 is reserved for the communication between web server and web browser. • The second part is the server address. This tells the web browser which server -it needs to contact in order to retrieve the information you are looking for. The web browser communicates with a Domain Name Server (DNS) to find out the IP Address for the website. All communications on the Internet use IP Addresses for communications. Use of the numeric address for accessing the web server is avoided because it is easier to remember 'textual information than that of numeric one. Hence normally the web server's addresses are textual. • The third part of this address denotes the resource user wants to see. • Step 2: – The web browser, on locating the IP Address which it requires (by communicating with the name server), sends a request directly to the web server, using port 80, asking for the file home.aspx. • Step 3: – The web server sends the html for this page back to user's web browser. If there are additional files needed in order to show the web page (like some images, for example) the web browser makes additional requests for each of these. 3.4 Basic Features of Web browsers 1. Web browsers should be able to look at the web pages throughout Internet or connect to various sites to access information. 2. The Web browser must enable you to follow the hyperlinks on a Web and type in a, URL for it to follow. 3. One of the main features of a browser is to search the information on the current page as well as search the WWW itself. 4. Browser give you the facility to save a Web page in a file on your computer, print a Web page and send the contents of a Web page e-Mail to others on the Internet. 5. Web browser should be able to handle text, images of the World Wide Web, as well as the hyperlinks to digital video, or other information. 6. Web browsers interact not just with the also with your computer's operating system with other programs, called plug- ins, that gives the browser enhanced features. 7. Another important feature to insist on browser is caching. A browser that keeps the pages you visit so that it does no download them again if you want to them. 8. Reloading a page from the cache quicker that downloading it again original source. 9. The most important feature of any ease of use. While all Web browser are fundamentally simple to use, it comfortable.