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Chapter 14-1 Subqueries Single Row

The document discusses subqueries, which allow a query to use the results of another query within the WHERE, HAVING, or FROM clauses. Subqueries can be single-row or multiple-row. Single-row subqueries return a single value that is used to filter the outer query results. The inner query executes first before the outer query uses its results. Subqueries are useful when a query value is unknown at execution time.

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Prasanna Nivas Ärr
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39 views25 pages

Chapter 14-1 Subqueries Single Row

The document discusses subqueries, which allow a query to use the results of another query within the WHERE, HAVING, or FROM clauses. Subqueries can be single-row or multiple-row. Single-row subqueries return a single value that is used to filter the outer query results. The inner query executes first before the outer query uses its results. Subqueries are useful when a query value is unknown at execution time.

Uploaded by

Prasanna Nivas Ärr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Subqueries

Subquery
• There are many times when a query requires more
than one step to obtain the required results
• For example, if a request is made to list employees
with a salary higher than the average salary in the
company, two queries need to run where the
second query depends on the result of the first
query

2
Subquery
• A SELECT statement
inserted into a clause of
another SELECT statement

• Can be placed in the


WHERE, HAVING, and
FROM clauses

3
Subquery
• The query inserted into
another query is called the
inner query and is
executed first
• The query containing the
inner query is called the
outer query and is
executed after receiving
the result set from the
inner query
4
Subquery
• Used when a query is
based on an unknown
value at execution time
and the subquery
determines that value

5
Types of Subqueries
• Single-row subquery
– Returns single row (single value) to the outer query
• Multiple-row subquery
– Returns one or more rows to the outer query
• Correlated subquery
– Contains a reference to one or more columns in the
outer query

6
Single-Row (single-value) Subquery
• Uses single-row operators (>, =, >=, <, <=, <>)
• Returns only one row (one value) from the inner
query
– Referred to as single-value subquery
– Used when the result set of the outer query is
determined on a single value from the inner query
• Can be executed and tested independently of the
outer query

7
Single-Row Subquery
• List employees from the EMPLOYEES table where
salary is greater than the average salary for all
employees?
• This requires two queries:
– Determine the average salary for all employees – INNER
Query
– Determine which employees have an above-average
salary – OUTER Query

8
Single-Row Subquery
INNER Query
– Determine the average salary for all employees
– No need to format the value from the subquery as the
result set is used by the outer query

9
Single-Row Subquery
OUTER Query
• Determine which employees have an above-
average salary

10
Single-Row Subquery
OUTER Query

11
Single-Row Subquery
Combined

12
Subquery Syntax
• A subquery:
– Enclosed within brackets or parentheses
– Begins with the SELECT keyword
– Followed by:
 A list of columns or expressions
 A FROM clause
 Optional WHERE, GROUP BY, and HAVING clauses

13
Subquery Syntax
• A subquery:
– Does not allow an ORDER BY clause or a UNION operator
– Only one ORDER BY clause can be used for a SELECT
statement; and, if used, it must be the last clause in the
outer query
– The subquery is placed on the right side of the
comparison condition

14
Single-Row Subquery
• The outer query:

• The inner query:

15
Subquery Returns NULL Value or No Rows
• If a subquery returns a NULL value or no rows, the
outer query takes the result of the subquery (NULL)
and uses this result in its WHERE clause

• The outer query returns no rows because


comparing a value to NULL always returns NULL

16
Subquery Returns NULL Value or No Rows
• Next slide: Who works in the same department as
employee Best?

• Note: His department code is NULL

• The outer query does not even return Best’s row


because comparing a NULL to a NULL returns NULL

17
Subquery Returns NULL Value

18
Outer and Inner Queries can Access
Data from Different Tables
• The outer and inner queries can access data from
different tables

• Next slide: Who works in the Electronics


department?

19
Outer and Inner Queries can Access
Data from Different Tables

20
Group Functions in Subqueries
• Group functions can be used in a subquery
• A group function without a GROUP BY clause in the
subquery returns a single row

• Which employees in the Small Appliances


department earn less than the average salary in
that department?

21
Group Functions
in Subqueries

22
Updating Data with a Value
from a Subquery
• An UPDATE statement can modify data in a table
using the result of a single-row subquery

• Remember, a single-row subquery returns one


column and one row containing a single value

23
Updating Data with a Value
from a Subquery

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