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Chapter 12-2 Set Operators

Set operators allow combining results from multiple SELECT statements. The UNION operator returns all rows from both SELECT statements, removing duplicates. UNION ALL keeps all rows, including duplicates. INTERSECT returns rows that are present in both SELECT results. MINUS returns rows that are in one result but not the other. Set operators require matching column names and data types across SELECT statements.

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Prasanna Nivas Ärr
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Chapter 12-2 Set Operators

Set operators allow combining results from multiple SELECT statements. The UNION operator returns all rows from both SELECT statements, removing duplicates. UNION ALL keeps all rows, including duplicates. INTERSECT returns rows that are present in both SELECT results. MINUS returns rows that are in one result but not the other. Set operators require matching column names and data types across SELECT statements.

Uploaded by

Prasanna Nivas Ärr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Set Operators

• Set Operators
– Combine the results of two or more SELECT statements

• UNION
• UNION ALL
• INTERSECT
• MINUS

1
Tables for Set Operators

2
UNION Operator

3
UNION ALL Operator

4
INTERSECT Operator

5
MINUS Operator

6
Tables for Set Operators
SELECT * FROM s_employees;

SELECT * FROM s_employees_retired;

7
UNION Operator
• The UNION operator returns all rows from both
tables, after eliminating duplicates

8
UNION Operator
SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id
FROM s_employees
UNION
SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name, dept_id
FROM s_employees_retired;

9
Set Operator Rules
• The number of columns and the data types of the
columns must be identical in all of the SELECT
statements used in the query
• The names of the columns need not be identical
• Column names in the output are taken from the
column names in the first SELECT statement
– So any column aliases should be entered in the first
statement as you would want to see them in the finished
report
10
UNION Operator
SELECT employee_id, first_name
FROM s_employees
UNION
SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name
FROM s_employees_retired;

11
UNION ALL Operator
• The UNION ALL operator returns all rows from both
tables, without eliminating duplicates

12
UNION ALL Operator
SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id
FROM s_employees
UNION ALL
SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name, dept_id
FROM s_employees_retired
ORDER BY employee_id;

13
INTERSECT Operator
• The INTERSECT operator returns all rows common
to both tables

14
INTERSECT Operator
SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id
FROM s_employees
INTERSECT
SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name, dept_id
FROM s_employees_retired
ORDER BY employee_id;

15
MINUS Operator
• The MINUS operator returns all rows found in one
table but not the other

16
Tables for Set Operators
SELECT * FROM s_employees;

SELECT * FROM s_employees_retired;

17
MINUS Operator 1/2
SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id
FROM s_employees
MINUS
SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name, dept_id
FROM s_employees_retired
ORDER BY employee_id;

18
MINUS Operator 2/2
SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name, dept_id
FROM s_employees_retired
MINUS
SELECT employee_id, first_name, last_name, department_id
FROM s_employees
ORDER BY employee_id;

19

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