Plane Stress/Strain

Stiffness Equations

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 1

Two-dimensional Elements
1. Thin plate elements .
2. Two coordinates to define position.
3. Elements connected at common nodes
and/or along common edges.
4. Nodal compatibility enforced to obtain
equilibrium equations
5. Two types
1. Plane stress
2. Plane Strain

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 2

 Plane Stress
1. A state of stress in which normal stress and
shear stresses directed perpendicular to the
plane of the body are assumed to be zero.
2. If x-y plane is plane of body then only
nonzero stresses are: x,y ,xy
3. Zero stresses: z ,xz ,yz
4. ALGOR requires you to work in y-z plane

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 3

 y

Plane Stress Problem:

Plate with a Hole

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 4

 y

x T

Plane Stress Problem:

Plate with a Fillet
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 5
 Plane Strain

1. A state of strain in which normal strain and

shear strains directed perpendicular to the
plane of the body are assumed to be zero.
2. If x-y plane is plane of body then only
nonzero strains are: x ,  y , xy
3. Zero strains:  z , xz , yz
4. ALGOR requires you to work in y-z plane

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 6

 y

x
Plane Strain Problem:
z
Dam Subjected to Horizontal Load
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 7
 y

Plane Strain Problem:

z Pipe Subjected to Vertical Load
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 8
 Plane stress:  z 0
Plane strain:  z 0

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 9

2D State of Stress and Strain

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 10

 y

xy

y
xy xy
x dy x
x
dx

xy

y
Two-dimensional State of Stress
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 11
  x 
 
    y 
 
 xy 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 12

 Principal Stresses
2
σx  σy  σx  σy 
σ1  
  
  τ xy
2

2  2 
2
σx  σy  σx  σy 
σ2      τ 2xy
2  2 
2 τ xy
tan 2 θ p 
σx  σy

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 13

 2

1

P
1
x

2

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 14

Two-dimensional State of Strain
u
εx 
x
v
εy 
y
u v
γ xy  
y x

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 15

  x 
 
    y 
 
 xy 
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 16
 y, v u
dy
y

v
v dy
y D
u
y v
dx
dy B x
A
v v
x x, u
u

dx u
u dx
x

Displacements and rotations of lines of an element in the x-y plane

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 17
 Full 3-D Stress-Strain Relationships

x  1     0 0 0   x 
    1   0 0 0   y 
 y   
z  E    1  0 0 0   z 
   (1 2  )  
 xy  (1   )(1  2  )  0 0 0 2 0 0   xy 
 yz   0 0 0 0
(1 2  )
2 0   yz 
   (1 2  )   
 zx   0 0 0 0 0 2    zx 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 18

 Full 3-D Stress-Strain Relationships

1     0 0 0 
x    1      x
   0 0 0   
 y    1  0 0 0   y
 0  E  (1  2  )    z 
   0 0 0 0 0  
 xy  (1  )(1  2)  2   xy 
(1 2 ) 
0   0 0 0 0 0    yz 
  2  
 0   (1  2  )    zx 
 0 0 0 0 0
2 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 19

  yz  0
 zx  0

z 

1
x  y  
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 20
   2
 2 
1     0 
 x   1 1   x 
  E  2 2  
 y     1  0   y 
  ( 1   )( 1  2 )  1 1   
 xy   (1  2 )   xy 
 0 0
2 
 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 21

 1  ν  ν  ν 2  ν 2 ν ν 2  ν 2 
σx   0  ε 
 1 ν 1 ν 
x
   2
 2
   2
 2  
  E  ν ν ν 1 ν ν ν ν   
σy   0  εy 
  (1  ν )(1  2 ν )  1 ν 1 ν  
τ xy   1 ν (1 2 ν )  γ xy 
 0 0 2 1 ν  
 
 
 1  2 ν ν1  2 ν  
σx   1 ν 0   εx 
  1  ν
  E  ν1  2 ν  1  2 ν   
σy    0   εy 
  (1  ν )(1  2 ν )  1  ν 1 ν  
τ xy   0 1 ν (1 2 ν )  γ xy 
 0 2 1 ν    


08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 22

  1  
1   0 
 x  1  x 
  E   1   
 y    0   y 
  ( 1   )  1   1   
 xy   1      xy 
 0 0
21    

1  0 
 x     x 
  E    
 y    1 0  y 
  ( 1   )1    
 
1      
 xy   xy 
 0 0
2  

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 23

 1  0 
 
E  
 D  2 
 1 0

1  1    
 0 0
2 
   D 
For Plane Stress
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 24
 Plane Strain

 yz  0
 zx  0
z  0

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 25

 Full 3-D Stress-Strain Relationships
1     0 0 0 
 x    1    x 
   0 0 0   
 y    1 0 0 0   y
  z  E  (1  2 )   0 
   0 0 0 0 0  

  xy (1   )(1  2  ) 2   xy 
 (1  2 ) 
 yz   0 0 0 0 0  0 
  2  
 xz   
(1  2 )  0 
 0 0 0 0 0   
2 
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 26
 1    0 
 x     x 
  E    
 y   
 1   0  y 

  ( 1   )( 1  2  )  
 xy  0 0
(1  2  )    xy 
 2 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 27

 1    0 
 
E  
 D   1 0
( 1   )( 1  2 )  
 0 0
(1  2 ) 
 2 
   D 
For Plane Strain
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 28
Step 1 - Select the Element Type

1. Discretize Body into Three-Noded

Triangular Elements.
2. Two degrees-of-freedom per node.
3. These are x and y displacements.
4. ui - x displacement at ith node.
5. vi - y displacement at ith node.

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 29

y

T T

Thin Plate in Tension x

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 30

y
m

i j

x
Discretized Plate Using Triangular Elements
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 31
  ui 
v 
 di   i
  u i   u j 
d   d j  d i     d   
d  v i   vj 
 m u m 
 
 v m 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 32

 i-j-m numbered counterclockwise!
m (xm, ym)

y
i (xi, yi)

j (xj, yj)

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 33

Step 2 - Select Displacement Function

Select Linear Functions:

ux, y   a1  a 2 x  a 3 y
vx, y   a 4  a 5 x  a 6 y

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 34

Linear Functions
1. Ensures compatibility between elements.
2. Displacements vary linearly along any line.
3. Displacements vary linearly between nodes.
4. Edge displacements are the same for
adjacent elements if nodal displacements
are equal.

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 35

 ux, y  a1  a 2 x  a 3 y 
    
 vx, y  a 4  a 5 x  a 6 y 
a1 
a 
 2
1 x y 0 0 0  a 3 
     
0 0 0 1 x y  a 4 
a 5 
 
a 6 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 36

 Conditions on the ai’s:
u i  a1  a 2 x i  a 3 y i
u j  a1  a 2 x j  a 3 y j
u m  a1  a 2 x m  a 3 y m
vi  a4  a5 xi  a6 y i
v j  a4  a5 x j  a6 y j
vm  a4  a5 xm  a6 y m

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 37

  ui  1 x i yi   a1 
     
 uj   1 x j yj  a 2 
     
 u m   1 x m y m   a 3 

a  x  u  1

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 38

  i j m 
1  
x    i
1
j m 
2A
i j  m 


1 xi yi
If i-j-m
2A  1 xj yj counterclockwise!
1 xm ym

  
2 A  x i y j  y m  x j y m  y i   x m y i  y j 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 39

  i  x j y m  y jx m
 j  xm y i  y mxi
m  xi y j  yix j
i  y j  ym i  xm  xj
j  ym  yi  j  xi  xm
m  yi  y j m  xj  x

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 40

 a1   i j m   ui 
  1    
a 2    i j m   uj 
a  2 A   j  m  u 
 3  i  m
Also :
a 4   i j m   vi 
  1    
a 5    i j m   vj 
a  2 A v 
  j  m 
 6  i  m
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 41
 a 1 
 
u  1 x y  a 2 
a 
 3

 i j m   ui 
1    
u  1 x y    i j m  uj 
2A u 
i j  m   m


 i u i   j u j   m u m 
1  
u  1 x y    i u i   ju j   m u m 
2A  u  u  u 
 i i j j m m 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 42

   i   i x   i y  u i  
1  
u( x, y )    j   j x   j y  u j  
2A  
  m   m x   m y  u m 

  i   i x   i y  v i  
1  
v(x, y )    j   j x   j y  v j  
2A  
  m   m x   m y  v m 
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 43
 1
Ni   i   i x   i y 
2A
Nj 
1
2A

 j   jx   jy 
1
Nm   m   m x   m y 
2A

u( x , y )  N i u i  N j u j  N m u m
v( x, y )  N i v i  N j v j  N m v m

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 44

  ui 
v 
 i 
u( x, y )  N i 0 Nj 0 Nm 0   u j 
     
 v ( x , y )  0 Ni 0 Nj 0 N m   vj 
u m 
 
 v m 
  N d

N i 0 Nj 0 Nm 0 
N   0 Ni 0 Nj 0 
Nm 


08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 45

 N i  1 at node i
N i  0 at node j
N i  0 at node m
N j  0 at node i
N j  1 at node j
N j  0 at node m
N m  0 at node i
N m  0 at node j
N m  1 at node m

Ni  Nj  Nm  1

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 46

 Ni

i
x

y
j

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 47

 Nj

m
i
x

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 48

 Nm

m
i
x

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 49

 Define Strain/Displacements
and Stress/Strain
Relationships

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 50

Strain/Displacement

 u 
 x 
 x   
   v 
    y    
    y 
 xy    u  v 

 y  x 
 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 51

 u 
 u ,x  N i u i  N ju j  N m u m 
x x
u , x  N i, x u i  N j, x u j  N m,x u m
 Ni 1  βi
N i, x   α i  β i x  γ i y  
 x 2A  x 2A
βj
N j, x 
2A
βm
N m,x 
2A
u
εx  
1
βi u i  β ju j  β m u m 
 x 2A

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 52

x 
u

1
 x 2A

 i u i   ju j   m u m 
y 
v

1
 y 2A

 i vi   jv j   m vm 
 xy 
 v u
 
1
 x  y 2A

 i u i   ju j   m u m   i v i   j v j   m v m 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 53

  ui 
v 
 x   i 0 j 0 m 0   i 
  1    u j 
 y    0 i 0 j 0  m  
  2A    vj 
 xy   i i j j m  m 
u m 
 
 v m 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 54

  B d
 i 0 j 0 m 0 
1  
B   0 i 0 j 0 m 
2A
 i i j j m  m 


08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 55

Stress/Strain

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 56

 1  0 
 
E  
 D  2 
 1 0

1  1    
 0 0
2 
   D 
For Plane Stress
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 57
   D    D Bd

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 58

 1    0 
 
E  
 D   1 0
( 1   )( 1  2 )  
 0 0
(1  2 ) 
 2 
   D 
For Plane Strain
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 59
    D    D Bd

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 60

Step 4 - Element Stiffness

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 61

Potential Energy Approach

 
p  p u i , v i , u j , v j , um , v m
p  U    U  b  p  s

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 62

Potential Energy Approach

1
U    x   x  dV
T
2
V
1
U    x  D  x  dV
T
2
V
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 63
  b     T
XdV
V
 s     T
T dS
S
 b  d P T

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 64

 1
p   d B  D B  d dV
T T

2 V

  d N  X dV

T T

 d P  d N  T dS

T T T

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 65

 1 T
p  d  B  D B  dV d
T

2 V

 d    
T

T
N X dV
V

 d P d    

T

T T
N T dS
S

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 66

 T T
f    N X dV  P  N T dS
V S

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 67

 1 T T
 p  d  B  D B  dV d  d f 
T
2
V
 p T
  B  D B  dV d  f   0
 d
V

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 68

 T
 B  D  B  dV d  f 
V

T
k    B D B dV
V

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 69

 T
k    B D B dV
V

k   t  B D B dx dy

T

A
For the constant Strain Triangle :
k   t A B D B
T

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 70

Example 7.1
t = 1 in
E = 30 x 106 psi
 = 0.25
m=3 (0,1) Find [k]

j=2

(2,0)

i=1
(0,-1)

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 71

  i  y j  y m  0  1  1
 j  y m  y i  1  ( 1)  2
 m  y i  y j  1  0  1
 i  x m  x j  0  2  2
 j  xi  xm  0  0  0
 m  x j  xi  2  0  2

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 72

A 2
 1 0 2 0 1 0 
1  
B  0  2 0 0 0 2
2 ( 2) 
  2  1 0 2 2  1
 
6 
1 .25 0 
30  10
D  .25 1 0 
1  .25 2  1  .25 
0 0 
 2 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 73

 T

k      1 0 2 0  1 0 
2 30  10  0  2 0 0 0 2  
6

40.93754  
  2  1 0 2 2  1
 
 1 .25 0   1 0 2 0  1 0 
.25 1 0  
 0 2 0 0 0 2 
 1  .25  
0 0    2  1 0 2 2  1
 2 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 74

  2.5 1.25  2  1.5  0.5 0.25 
 1.25 4.375  1  0.75  0.25  3.625
 
 
6  2
k   4  10 
1 4 0 2 1 

  1.5  0.75 0 1.5 1.5  0.75 
  0.5  0.25  2 1.5 2.5  1.25 
 
 0.25  3.625 1  0.75  1.25 4.375 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 75

 Given :
 0.0 
0.0025
 
0.0012
d   
 0.0 
 0.0 
 
0.0025

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 76

 x 
 
    y  
 
 xy 
 0 .0 
 
0.0025
 1 .25 0 
   1 0 2 0 1 0  
30  106   1   0.0012
2 
.25 1 0   0  2 0 0 0 2  
1  .25 2 ( 2 )    0 .0 
 1  .25 
 0 0   2  1 0 2 2  1  
2   0 .0 
 
0.0025

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 77

   x   19200 
   
   
    y    4800  psi
   
 xy   15000

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 78

 y
m

h
x

i j
b
Element with centroidal coordinate axes.
 x dA  0  y dA  0
  i x dA  0   i y dA  0
 i   j   m  2A
3

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 79

 X b 
 
 Yb 
 
X b   X
At   
X    fb    
b

 Yb  3  Yb 
 
X b 
 
 Yb 
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 80
 Surface Forces
y

L p (lb/in2)

2 1
3 x

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 81

 T
f s    N T dS
S
p x  p 
T      
p y   0 
 N1 0 
 0 N1  

T N 2 0 
N   
 0 N2 
N 3 0 
 
 0 N 3 
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 82
  N1 0 
 0 N1  

t L N 2 0  p 
f s   0 0     dz dy
 0 N2  0
N 3 0 
 
 0 N 3  x  a, y  y

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 83

  N1 p 
 0 
 
t L N 2 p
f s   0 0   dz dy
 0 
N 3 p
 
 0  x  a, y  y

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 84

 1

2 3
a

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 85

 Evaluating N i ' s on edge
ay
N1 
2A
L a  x 
N2 
2A
Lx  ay
N3 
2A

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 86

 1
pLt/2
L

2 1 3
pLt/2+ pLt/2

L
2

5 a 4 pLt/2

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 87

   L2  
  ap 
  2  
 0 
 
t  
f s   0
  
2 aL  2 L  
2 L 
2
ap

 2  
  
 0 
 0 
 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 88

 p L t 
 2 
 0 
 
 0 
f s    p L t 
 
 2 
 0 
 0 
 
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 89
 1 in

20 in T=1000 psi

10 in

E = 30 x 106 psi
 = 0.30

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 90

 2 3

5000 lb
1
y
2

1 x 4 5000 lb

Two Element Model with Equivalent Nodal Loads

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 91

 1
F TA
2
1
F  1000 psi  1 in  10 in 
2
F  5000 lb

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 92

 F  K d

 R1x   d1x   0 
     
 R1y  d1y   0 
     
 R 2x  d 2 x   0 
     
 R 2y  d 2 y   0 
     
F    d      
5000 d 3x  d 3x 
     
 0  d 3y  d 3y 
     
5000 d 4 x  d 4 x 
     
 0  d 4 y  d 4 y 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 93

 k   t A BT DB
1
A b h  100 in 2
2
β i 0 β j 0 β m 0
1  
B   0 γ i 0 γ j 0 γm 
2A  
γi βi γ j β j γ m β m 

1 ν 0 
 
D  E 2  ν 1 0 

1 ν

 1 ν 
0 0 2 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 94

Element 1
m=2 j=3

i=1

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 95

Element 1  i  y j  y m  10  10  0
 j  y m  y i  10  0  10
 m  y i  y j  0  10  10
 i  x m  x j  0  20  20
 j  xi  xm  0  0  0
 m  x j  x i  20  0  20

 0 0 10 0  10 0 
1 
B   0  20 0 0 0 20 
200
  20 0 0 10 20  10

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 96

E  30  10 6 psi
  0.3
 
1  0
E  
D   1 0 

1  2
 1 
0 0 
 2 
 
 1 0.3 0   1 0.3 0 
30  10 psi
6
30  10 psi 
6

D   0.3 1 0   0 .3 1 0

1  0.3 2   1  0.3  0.91  
0 0   0 0 0.35
 2 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 97

 T
 0 0 10 0  10 0   1 0.3 0 
B T D  30  10 psi  0  20
6
0 0 0 20  0 .3 1 0 
200 0.91   
  20 0 0 10 20  10  0 0 0.35
 0 0 7 
  6 20 0 

 10 0 
B T D  30  10 psi 
6
3

200 0.91  0 0 3.5 
  10  3 7 
 
 6 20  3.5

k   t A B T DB 
 0 0 7 
  6 20 0 
  0 0 10 0  10 0 
 
1100  30  10 psi 10
6
3 0 
  0  20 0 0 0 20 
200  0.91  0 0 3.5   20 0 0 10 20  10
2

  10  3 7  
 
 6 20  3.5
08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 98
  140 0 0  70  140 70 
 0 400  60 0 60  400
 
75000  0  60 100  100 60 
k 
(1)
 
0.91   70 0 0
0
35 70

 35 
  140 60  100 70 240  130
 
 70  400 60  35  130 435 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 99

Element 2 m=3

i=1 j=4

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 100

Element 2  i  y j  y m  0  10  10
 j  y m  y i  10  0  10
m  y i  y j  0  0  0
 i  x m  x j  20  20  0
 j  x i  x m  0  20  20
 m  x j  x i  20  0  20

  10 0 10 0 0 0
1 
B   0 0 0  20 0 20
200
 0  10  20 10 20 0 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 101

 T
  10 0 10 0 0 0   1 0.3 0 
B T D  30  10 psi  0
6
0 0  20 0 20 0 .3 1 0 
2000.91 
 0  10  20 10 20 0   0 0 0.35
  10  3 0 
 0 0  3 . 5 
 
 10  20 
B T D  30  10 psi 
6
0
2000.91  0  20 10 
 0 0 20 
 
 0 20 0 

k   t A B T DB 
  10  3 0 
 0 0  3.5 
    10 0 10 0 0 0
30  10 psi  10
6
0  20   
1100   0 0 0  20 0 20
2002 0.91  0  20 10   0  10  20 10 20 0 
 0 0 20   
 
 0 20 0 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 102

  100 0  100 60 0  60 
 0 35 70  35  70 0 
 
75000   100 70 240  130  140 60 
k 
( 2)
 
0.91  60  35  130 435 70  400

 0  70  140 70 140 0 
 
  60 0 60  400 0 400 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 103

 Assembly

k 11
(1)
 k 11
( 2)
k (1)
13 k (1)
12 k ( 2)
13 k ( 2)
12
 
 k 31 (1) (1)
k 33 (1)
k 32 0 
K    (1) ( 2) 
k 21  k 31 k (231) k (221)  k 33
( 2) ( 2) 
k 32
 
 k ( 2) 0 k (232 ) k (222 ) 
 21

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 104

 k 11
(1)
 k 11
( 2) (1)
k 13 (1)
k 12  k 13
( 2) ( 2)
k 12 
 (1) 
k k (331) k (321) 0 
K    (1) 31 ( 2) ( 2) 

k 21  k 31 k (231) k (221)  k (332 ) k 32
 ( 2) ( 2) 
 k 21 0 k (232 ) k 22 

 240 0  140 70 0  130  100 60 

 0 435 60  400  130 0 70  35 
 
  140 60 240  130  100 71 0 0 
 
75000  70  400  130 435 60  35 0 0 
0.91  0  130  100 60 240 0  140 70 
 
  130 0 70  35 0 435 60  400
  100 70 0 0  140 60 240  130 
 
 60  35 0 0 70  400  130 435 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 105

Applying the B.C.’s and Solving:
5000  240 0  140 70  d 3 x 
 0   0 435 60  400  d 
  75000    3y 
    
 5000  0 . 91   140 60 240  130  d 4 x 
 0    
 70  400  130 435  d 4 y 
d 3 x  609.6
d   
 3 y   4 .2  6
    10 in
d 4 x  663.7 
d 4 y  104.1 
Compare with :
PL
  670  10  6 in
AE

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 106

  x 
    y   Bd 
 
 xy 
d 1x 
d 
0  
1y
 0 0 10 0  10
1   d 3 x 
0  20 0 0 0 20    
200   d 3 y 
  20 0 0 10 20  10  d 
2x
 
Element 1 d 2 y 
 0 
 0 
 0 0 10 0  10 0  
 609.6  10 in  
6
1 
0  20 0 0 0 20   4.2  10  6 in 
200 
  20 0 0 10 20  10  
 0 
 
 0 
6096  10  6 in  30.48  10  6 in    x 
1      
 0  0    y 
200  6   6   
 42  10 in   0.21  10 in    xy 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 107

 Element 1
x   1 0.3 0   30.48  10 6
in 
  30  10 psi 
6
  
    y   D  0 .3 1 0  0 
  0.91  
  0.21  10  6 in 
 xy   0 0 0.35  
  x  1005
   

 y   301  psi
    2.4 
 xy   

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 108

  εx 
 
 
ε   ε y   Bd
Element 2  
γ xy 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 109

  10 0 10 0 0 0
1  
B   0 0 0  20 0 20
200  
 0  10  20 10 20 0 
 d1x 
 
d1y 
Element 2  
d 4 x 
 
d   
d 4 y 
 
d 3 x 
 
d 3y 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 110

 Element 2

 0 
 
 0 
 10 0 10 0 0 0  
1   663.7 10 in 
6

ε   0 0 0  20 0 20  
200   104.110 in 
6

 0  10  20 10 20 0   
6
609.6  10 in 
 
 4.2 106 in 

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 111

 Element 2
x 
 
    y   D
 
 xy 
  x   995 
   
  y     1.2  psi
    2.4
 xy   

08/13/24 Plane Stress/Strain 112