University of Technology

Department of Electrical
Power Engineering

Load Frequency Control

(LFC)

Supervisor By: Prepared By:

Assist. Prof. Dr. Afaneen Anwar Karrar S. Faraj
2017-2018
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INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the control of active and reactive in order to keep the system
in the steady state.

The objective of the control is to generate and deliver power in an interconnected

system as economically and reliably while maintaining the voltage and frequency with
permissible limits.

Changes in real power affect mainly the system frequency, while reactive power is
less sensitive to changes in frequency and is mainly dependent on changes in voltage
magnitude.

The load frequency control (LFC) loop control the real power.

The automatic voltage regulator (AVR) loop regulate the reactive power and voltage
magnitude.
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 BASIC GENERATOR CONTROL LOOPS

LFC AVR

Controls the Regulates the

real power and reactive power
frequency and voltage

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Load Frequency Control

The operation objective of the (LFC) are to maintain reasonably uniform frequency
to divide the load between generators.

The change in frequency and tie line real power are sensed which is a measure of
the change in rotor angle δ,

The error signal Δf and ΔP tie are amplified mixed and transformed into a real
power command signal ΔP v .

This real power sent to the prime mover to call for an increment in the torque.
The prime mover therefore brings change in the generator output by an amount
ΔPg which will change the values of Δf and ΔP tie within the specified tolerance.

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Schematic diagram of LFC and AVR of a synchronous generator

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 Vout
∑ Turbine ∑ Generator
Vref

AVR

LFC

Block diagram of generation control

:Note
The LFC loop will maintain control only during small and slow changes in load and
.frequency
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In normal steady state operation :

T mec=Tele
The rotational speed will be constant frequency unchanged

If the electrical load is increased so that Tele is larger than Tmec the entire rotating
system will begin to slow down.

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Generation Model

The swing equation of a synchronous machine given by:

This equation came from the

disturbance in the synchronous machine
made the rotor axis is shifted from field
axis

In term of small deviation in speed

Taking Laplace transform

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-

Generator block diagram

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Load Model

For resistive loads such as lighting and heating loads the electrical power is
independent of frequency.

Motor loads are sensitive to changes in frequency.

The speed load characteristic of a composite load is approximated by:

D is expressed as percent
change in load divided by
percent change in frequency

Non frequency frequency

sensitive load sensitive load
change change

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-

Generator and load block diagram

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Prime Mover Model

the source of mechanical power known as prime mover.

The model for the turbine relates changes in mechanical power output ΔPm to
changes in steam valve position ΔPv.

The time constant

The block diagram for a simple turbine is shown below: is in the range of
0.2 to2 second

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Governor Model

When the generator electrical load is suddenly increase, the electrical power
exceeds the mechanical power input this made reduction in kinetic energy causes the
turbine speed and consequently the generator frequency to fall.

The change in speed is sensed by the turbine governor which acts to adjust the
turbine input valve to change the mechanical power output.

The earliest governors were the watt governors which sense the speed by means of
rotating fly balls and provides mechanical motion in response to speed change.

Modern governors use electronic means to sense speed changes.

The governor consist of the following parts.

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1. Speed Governor: the essential part are centrifugal fly balls driven directly or through
gearing by turbine shaft, the mechanism provides upward and downward vertical
movement.

2. Linkage Mechanism: these are links for transforming the fly balls movement to the
turbine valve.

3. Hydraulic Amplifier: very large mechanical forces are needed to operate the steam
valve

4. Speed Changer: the speed changer consists of a servomotor which can be operated
manually or automatically for scheduling load at nominal frequency.
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From the governor speed characteristics:

Change in the
speed of the
Change in the generator
reference Constant R has dimension
power setting hertz per MW
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Static Performance Of Speed Governor

At steady state operation

At s=0

Consider the following case

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Case A
The generator is synchronized to the network of very large size so that the frequency
is independent of any change in power output of individual generator (infinite
network)

For generator operating at constant speed (frequency) there exist a

direct proportional between turbine power and reference power
setting

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Case B
Now consider the network as finite , frequency is variable we do however keep the
speed at constant setting.

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Case C
In general case changes may occur in both the speed changer setting and frequency in
which case the relationship

For given speed changer setting : 0

In a frequency generation power graph this represents a straight line with a slope=-R

For given frequency : 0

This means that for a given frequency generation power can be increase or decrease
be suitable raise or lower command.

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-:References
Power Generation Operation and
Control
ALLEN J. WOOD
BRUCE F. WOLLENBERG

Power System Analysis Third

Edition Hade Saadat
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 Thanks
For
Listening