PROBABILITY AND

STATISTICS
INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGIES
ENGGMATH 3/ ENGINEERING DATA
ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lessons the students should be able
to:

 Could define and understand statistics

 Know the role and importance of statistics in the
society
 Could differentiate Descriptive and Inferential
statistics
 Learn and define the basic terms use in statistics
 Could differentiate the levels of measurements
and could give an example each.
 LESSON OUTLINE
 Introduction to Statistics
 General uses of Statistics
 Fields of Statistics
 Basic Terms
➢Population
➢Sample
➢Parameter
➢Statistics
➢Data
➢Variable
 Scale of Measurements
 Introduction to Statistics
Definition: A science and the art which deals on
interpreting data from FACTS AND
INFORMATION (it takes numbers/data and
transforms them into USEFUL INFORMATION)
1. In its plural sense, statistics is a set of
numerical data e.g. Vital statistics, monthly
sales, exchange rates, monthly income, the
size of enrolment, etc.
2. In its singular sense, statistics is a branch of
science that deals with the collection,
organization, presentation, summarization,
analysis and interpretation of numerical data.
 General uses of Statistics
a) Aids in decision making by providing comparison of
data, explains action that has taken place, justify a
claim or assertion, predicts future outcome and
estimates unknown quantities
b) Summarizes data for public use
 General uses of Statistics
a) Aids in decision making by providing comparison of
data, explains action that has taken place, justify a
claim or assertion, predicts future outcome and
estimates unknown quantities
b) Summarizes data for public use

Data Data Data Data

Gathering Presentation Analysis Interpretation

Through:
- Interviews - Testing
- Surveys - Experimentations
- Questionnaires - etc.
- Observations
 General uses of Statistics
a) Aids in decision making by providing comparison of
data, explains action that has taken place, justify a
claim or assertion, predicts future outcome and
estimates unknown quantities
b) Summarizes data for public use

Data Data Data Data

Gathering Presentation Analysis Interpretation

Transforming Data to NUMERICAL/QUANTITATIVE

DATA by:
- Table
- Graphical Form
 General uses of Statistics
a) Aids in decision making by providing comparison of
data, explains action that has taken place, justify a
claim or assertion, predicts future outcome and
estimates unknown quantities
b) Summarizes data for public use

Data Data Data Data

Gathering Presentation Analysis Interpretation

Resolution of information into a simpler elements by APPLYING

statistical principles:
- measures of location (sample mean and median)
- measures of variability (range and standard deviation)
- one and two sample ESTIMATION or TEST
- ETC.
 General uses of Statistics
a) Aids in decision making by providing comparison of
data, explains action that has taken place, justify a
claim or assertion, predicts future outcome and
estimates unknown quantities
b) Summarizes data for public use

Data Data Data Data

Gathering Presentation Analysis Interpretation

Interpretating the DATA basing from its ANALYSIS,

RELATING to existing theories or early studies on that
particular area (review of related literatures)
 Examples on the role of Statistics
 In Biological and medical sciences, it helps researchers
discover relationship worthy of further attention.
e.g. A doctor can use statistics to determine to what extent
is an increase in blood pressure dependent upon age

 In social sciences, it guides researchers and helps them

support theories and models that cannot stand on
rationale alone.
e.g. Empirical studies are using statistics to obtain socio-
economic profile of the middle class to form new socio-
political theories.
 In business, a company can use statistics to forecast
sales, design products, and produce goods more
efficiently.
e.g. A pharmaceutical company can apply statistical
procedures to find out if the new formula is indeed more
effective than the one being used.

 In Engineering, it can be used to test properties of

various materials,
- e.g. A quality controller can use statistics to estimate the
average lifetime of the products produced by their current
equipment.
 Fields of Statistics
 Statistical Methods of Applied Statistics:
1. Descriptive - comprise those methods concerned with
the collection, description, and analysis of a set of data
without drawing conclusions or inferences about a
larger set.
2. Inferential - comprise those methods concerned with
making predictions or inferences about a larger set of
data using only the information gathered from a subset
of this larger set.

 Statistical theory of mathematical statistics

- deals with the development and exposition of theories
that serve as a basis of statistical methods
 Descriptive VS Inferential

DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
• A bowler wants to find his • A bowler wants to estimate his
bowling average for the past 12 chance of winning a game
months based on his current season
averages and the average of
his opponents.
• A housewife wants to determine • A housewife would like to
the average weekly amount she predict based on last year’s
spent on groceries in the past 3 grocery bills, the average
months weekly amount she will spend
on groceries for this year.
• A politician wants to know the • A politician would like to
exact number of votes he estimate based on opinion
receives in the last election polls, his chance for winning in
the upcoming election.
 Basic Terms in Statistics

 Population
 Sample
 Parameter
 Statistics
 Data
 Variable
 POPULATION as differentiated from SAMPLE
The word population refers to groups or aggregates of people,
animals, objects, materials, happenings or things of any form, this
means that there are populations of students, teachers, supervisors,
principals, laboratory animals, trees, manufactured articles, birds and
many others. If your interest is on few members of the population to
represent their characteristics or traits, these members constitute a
sample.
 POPULATION as differentiated from SAMPLE
The word population refers to groups or aggregates of people,
animals, objects, materials, happenings or things of any form, this
means that there are populations of students, teachers, supervisors,
principals, laboratory animals, trees, manufactured articles, birds and
many others. If your interest is on few members of the population to
represent their characteristics or traits, these members constitute a
sample.
 Parameters & Statistics
A parameter is a numerical description of a population characteristic. The
measures of the population

A statistic is a numerical description of a sample characteristic. The measures

of a sample
 Parameters & Statistics
•Example:
•Decide whether the numerical value describes a population
parameter or a sample statistic.
a.) A recent survey of a sample of 250 college
students reported that the average weekly
allowance for students is ₱1000.

b.) The average weekly allowance for all students

is ₱1500.
 Parameters & Statistics
•Example:
•Decide whether the numerical value describes a population
parameter or a sample statistic.
a.) A recent survey of a sample of 250 college
students reported that the average weekly
allowance for students is ₱1000.
Because the average of ₱ 1000 is based on a
sample, this is a sample statistic.
b.) The average weekly allowance for all students
is ₱1500.
Because the average of ₱1500 is based on a
population, this is a population parameter.
 The Variable
 It refers to a characteristic or property whereby the
members of the group or set vary or differ from one
another. However, a constant refers to a property
whereby the members of the group do not differ one
another.
 Variables can be according to functional relationship
which is classified as independent and dependent. If
you treat variable y as a function of variable z, then z is
your independent variable and y is your dependent
variable. This means that the value of y, say academic
achievement depends on the value of z.
Variables according to continuity of values.
1. Continuous variable – these are variables whose levels can
take continuous values. Examples are height, weight, length and
width.
2. Discrete variables – these are variables whose values or
levels can not take the form of a decimal. An example is the size
of a particular family.
FRAMEWORK OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
 Data
Data could be referred to as the raw materials of statistics. It is a set
of values collected for the variable from each of the elements of the
sample. It could be a set of obtained measurements from the subjects
of an experiments.
➢ Datum – the singular form.
 Data
Data could be referred to as the raw materials of statistics. It is a set
of values collected for the variable from each of the elements of the
sample. It could be a set of obtained measurements from the subjects
of an experiments.
➢ Datum – the singular form.

Types of Data
Data sets can consist of two types of data: qualitative data and
quantitative data.
Data

Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data
Consists of attributes, Consists of numerical
labels, or measurements or
nonnumerical entries. counts.
 Qualitative and Quantitative Data
•Example:
•The grade point averages of five students are listed in the table.
Which data are qualitative data and which are quantitative data?

Student GPA
Sally 3.22
Bob 3.98
Cindy 2.75
Mark 2.24
Kathy 3.84

Qualitative data Quantitative data

 Classification of Measurement of Data

Measurements – It is the process of assigning value to a

variables

4 Level of scale of measurements:

 Classification of Measurement of Data
1. Nominal – this refers to a property / observations that
can be name without particular order or ranking imposed
on the data.
- Words, letters, and even numbers are used to
classify data
Calculated using names,
Level of
Measurement Nominal labels, or qualities. No
mathematical computations
can be made at this level.

Gender: Types of electric consumption: Quality of Products

M – Male 1 – Residential D – defective
F – Female 2 – Commercial ND – not defective
3 – Industrial
4 – Government
 Classification of Measurement of Data
2. Ordinal – it is defined by an operation whereby
members of a particular group are ranked. In this
operation, we can state that one member is greater or
less that the others in a criterion rather than saying that
he/it is only equal or different from the others such as
what is meant by the nominal variable.
Level of Arranged in order, but differences
Measurement
Ordinal between data entries or two
rankings may not always be the
same
Competition placement: Year standings:
1 – champion (Score:15%) 1 – freshman
2 – 1st runner up (Score: 10%) 2 – sophomore
3 – 2nd runner up (Score: 8%) 3 – junior
4 – 3rd runner up (Score: 6%) 4 – senior
 Classification of Measurement of Data
3. Interval – Indicates an actual amount (numerical). The
order and the difference between the variables can be
known. An interval variable does not have a “true zero
point” (starting point).; although for convenience, a zero
point may be assigned (arbitrary).
Level of Arranged in order, the
Measurement Interval differences between data entries
can be calculated.

Temperatures Years on a timeline

60 OC 1980
20 OC 1991
10 OC 2000
- 15 OC 2004
2015
 Classification of Measurement of Data
4. Ratio – It has the same properties as the interval level.
The order and difference can be described. Additionally, it
has a true zero (starting point) and the ratio between two
points has a meaning
A ratio of two data values can be
Level of
Measurement Ratio formed so one data value can be
expressed as a ratio.

Weights
Ratio: Difference:
80 N
2 40 N
40 N
4 30 N
10 N
ind 10 N
0N
 Summary of Levels of Measurement

Arrange Determine if one

Put data in Subtract data
Level of data in data value is a
categories values
measurement order multiple of another
(NAMED) (DIFFERENCE)
(ORDER) (TRUE ZERO)

Nominal Yes No No No
Ordinal Yes Yes No No
Interval Yes Yes Yes No
Ratio Yes Yes Yes Yes
 EXERCISE

•DETERMINE WHICH OF THE FOUR

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT IS
MOST APPROPRIATE:
• LENGTH OF A STEEL BARS.

• THE COLORS OF A SAMPLE OF CARS

INVOLVED IN ALCOHOL RELATED
ACCIDENTS.

• THE YEARS IN WHICH THE STOCK

MARKET DECLINED.
• AN INSTRUCTOR IS RATED AS SUPERIOR,
AVERAGE, BELOW AVERAGE, OR POOR.

• BODY TEMPERATURE IN (DEGREE

CENTIGRADE) OF A SAMPLE OF PATIENTS IN A
CLINIC

• TOTAL ANNUAL INCOMES OF FAMILIES IN A

SELECTED MUNICIPALITY

• THE BRAND OF T-SHIRT YOU PREFER

 EXERCISE 2

IDENTIFY WHICH IS CONTINUOUS VARIABLE AND

DISCRETE VARIABLES
• NUMBER OF MALE STUDENT IN YOUR
STATISTICS CLASS

• LIFE SPAN OF A SAMPLE OF BATTERIES

• NUMBER OF WORDS YOU CAN ENCODE IN

ONE MINUTE

• SPEED OF THE HORSES IN A RACE

• TIME OF A THE DAY

• NUMBER OF TOURISTS WHO VISIT MT. CABUYAO DURING

THE HOLY WEEK

• HEIGHT OF THE ADULT MEN IN YOUR WORKPLACE

• AGE OF THE PARTICIPANTS IN A FEEDING PROGRAM

• REACTION TIME OF THE SUBJECT IN AN EXPERIMENT

• NUMBER OF TIME YOUR GRANDMOTHER VISITED HER

DOCTOR LAST YEAR