Gondwana Supergroup
Gondwana Supergroup
Gondwana Supergroup
STRATIGRAPHY
GONDWANA SUPERGROUP
INTRODUCTION
Gondwana Supergroup comprises a thick sequence of fluviatile and lacustrine sediments
having a cumulative thickness of about 6 to 7 km with glacial sediments at the base. It covers
a vast tract of India, particularly prominent in peninsular region, occupying about 50,000
km2 areas. The deposition of the sequence began in the Upper Carboniferous and continued
up to the Lower Cretaceous.
• The term supergroup may be use for several associated groups or for associated groups and
formations with significant lithological properties in common.
HISTORY OF GONDWANA
• Subsequent to the deposition and upliftment of the vindhyan rocks during precambrian
era the indian peninsula witnessed no furthur deposition for a long time.
• During the Upper Carboniferous Period there started a rock cycle of sedimentation in
the interconnected inland basins of fluviatile and lacustrine origin and continued upto
the end of late Cretaceous period.
• The sediments exhibit all characteristics of having been formed under a shallow water
in river and lake basins and constitutes a total thickness of about 20,000 to 30,000 feets.
• The enormous thickness of the sedimentary column led to gradual sinking of the basin
along with deposition of more sediments.
• IN THE COURSE OF TIME THE PENINSULA BECAME WARM AND HUMID AND THIS KIND OF CLIMATE
CONTINUED TO PREVAIL DURING THE REST OF UPPER- CARBONIFEROUS AND THE WHOLE OF THE
PERMIAN PERIOD.
• THE BEGINNING OF THE TRIASSIC PERIOD WAS MARKED IN GONDWANA CONTINENT BY THE
ADVENT OF A WARM AND DRY CLIMATE WHICH CONTINUED TO PREVAIL DURING THE REST OF
TRIASSIC PERIOD.
• DURING THE JURRASIC PERIOD AGAIN THE GONDWANA CONTINENT WITNESSED WARM AND
HUMID CLIMATE.
GONDWANA BASINS AND TECTONICS
• THE BASINS IN WHICH THE GONDAWANA ROCKS OCCUR WERE GENERALLY OF TECTONIC ORIGIN.
• THESE BASINS ARE BOUNDED BY MAJOR FAULTS WHICH ARE ARRANGED IN LINEAR PATTERN.
• PERIODIC OSCILLATION OF SINKING FLOOR AND CONSEQUENT ADJUSTMENT OF WATER LEVEL IN THE BASINS
CAUSED THE DEPOSITION OF REPEATED CYCLE COMMENCED WITH THE COARSE SAND FOLLOWED BY CLAY
AND ACCUMULATION OF PLANT REMAINS ON THE TOP OF SEQUENCE THE CYCLE WAS CLOSED.
• GONDWANA ROCKS WERE ALSO CUT ACROSS BY VOLCANIC DYKES AND SILLS OF BASALTIC COMPOSITION AS
IN RAJMAHAL LAVAS FLOWS.
• IN HIMALAYAN REGION, THE GONDWANA ROCKS WERE AFFECTED BY SEVERE OROGENIC MOVEMENTS
DURING TERTIARY ERA AND WERE SUBJECTED TO FOLDING, FAULTING AND THURSTING.
WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION
A MAJOR PART OF THE GONDWANA SEDIMENTS ARE CONFINED TO THE THREE TRACTS
WHICH INCLUDE KOEL- DAMODAR, SON MAHANADI AND PRANHITA – GODAVARI BASINS.
THE GONDWANA SUPERGROUP IS DIVIDED INTO TWO MAJOR DIVISIONS BASED ON THEIR
LITHOLOGICAL AND PALAEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCES.
(i) TWO-FOLD CLASSIFICATION BY W.T. BLANFORD, DIVIDED INTO LOWER AND UPPER
GONDWANAS, CHARACTERISED BY THE GLOSSOPTERIS AND PTILOPHYLLUM.
dicrodium glossopteris
Economic minerals
1. Coal deposits
Coal seams of gondwana are
of bituminous to sub
bituminous.
Lower gondwana are highly
rich in coal deposits.
Barakar and Raniganj
formations are important
coal deposits of gondwana
supergroup.
Iron Ores
Barren measures of damuda group consist
of ironstone shales.
These beds contain siderite deposits.
BUILDING STONES
Lithology of gondwana mainly consist of
sandstones which are used as a building
material.
Conglomerates and slates are also used in
building and construction material.
Thank You
An educational presentation by
1. CHANDRA MOHAN RAJNEESH
Roll no 360.
2. KUMAR SAHIL Roll no 364.
3. ROHIT KUMAR Roll no 367.
4. SURYANSHU RAJ Roll no 361.
5. SHASHI RANJAN Roll no 359.
Bsc Geology Honours Science College
PATNA UNIVERSITY.