Scribd
Upload
31 views16 pages

Pidc Unit 2

The document discusses various flow measuring instruments for incompressible and compressible fluids. It describes the operating principles and components of common differential flow meters like orifice plates, venturi tubes, and pitot tubes. It also discusses variable area flow meters like rotameters, their construction, applications and advantages and disadvantages. The document lists different types of flow measuring methods including variable head, variable area, magnetic, turbine, target and ultrasonic flow meters.

Uploaded by

Gauri Dethe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
31 views16 pages

Pidc Unit 2

The document discusses various flow measuring instruments for incompressible and compressible fluids. It describes the operating principles and components of common differential flow meters like orifice plates, venturi tubes, and pitot tubes. It also discusses variable area flow meters like rotameters, their construction, applications and advantages and disadvantages. The document lists different types of flow measuring methods including variable head, variable area, magnetic, turbine, target and ultrasonic flow meters.

Uploaded by

Gauri Dethe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Process Instrumentation Dynamics & Control

Unit-2

Course Code : FT-315 Semester : V


Evaluation Scheme : CIE Marks :30 Marks (20 + 10) SEE Marks : 100
Unit-2

Flow Measuring Instruments

Contents:-Flow measuring devices for incompressible and compressible fluids.


Electro-hydraulic valves, hydraulic servomotors, electro-pneumatic valves.
Pneumatic actuators.
Flow measuring devices for
incompressible and compressible fluids.

• The orifice meter is used for measuring the rates of flow in incompressible fluid
only. 

• Venturimeter is used for measuring rates of flow in both incompressible and


compressible fluids.

• Pitot Tube can be used to measure fluid flow velocities by measuring the
difference between static and dynamic pressure in the flow in liquid

• Rotameter is used for measuring the rates of flow in incompressible fluid


Flowmeters

Principle:
• Operates on the principle that restriction or obstruction in the line or pipe of a
flowing fluid introduced by the orifice plate or venturi tube or elbow, produces
differential pressure across the restriction element which is proportional to the
flow rate.
• The flow rate is proportional to the square root of the differential pressure.
• The relationship was derived from Bernoulli's theorem.
Principle:
The basic equation is given as,
Q = KA √2gh/ρ
Where,
Q = Volumetric flow rate
K = constant
A = Cross sectional area of pipe through which fluid is flowing.
g = Acceleration due to gravity
h = Differential head (pressure) the restriction element.
ρ = Density of flowing liquid.
Principle:
Reynolds Number: It is very important reference number in
the accurate determination of flow. It is used to determine the
point at which the flow goes from viscous to turbulent stage.
• Parts of differential flow meters:
• It consists of two parts:
a) Primary elements -
• The parts of the meter used to restrict the fluid flow in the pipe line in
order to produce a differential pressure. They are
• i) Orifice plates, ii) Venturi tubes, iii) flow nozzles, iv) dall tubes, v)
Pitot tubes, vi) annular tubes, vii) elbow taps
• b) Secondary elements -
• These elements measure the differential pressures produced by the
primary elements & convert them into signals. They are
• i) Manometer, ii) Bellow meters, iii) Force balance meters & iv) Ring
balance meters
• Parts of differential flow meters:

a) Primary elements -
• Orifice plates:
• These are the simplest & cheapest form of primary elements.
• An orifice plate is inserted in the line & differential pressure across it is measured.
• Four types of orifice plates,
i) Concentric Orifice plate:
• Made up of SS & also from nickel, phosphor bronze to withstand the corrosive
effects of the fluid.
• Thickness varies from 3.175 to 12.70 mm depending upon pipe line size & flow
velocity.
• It has circular hole in the middle & is installed in the pipe line with the hole
concentric to the pipe.
ii) Eccentric Orifice plate:
It is similar to concentric plate except for the offset hole which is bored
tangential to the circle, concentric with pipe & of a dia equal to 98% of
the pipe.
It is useful for measuring fluids containing solids, oil containing water & wet
stream also used where liq. fluid contains high % of dissolved gases.
iii) Segmental Orifice plate: It is as shown in figure
Venturimeter

• Parts of differential flow meters:


a) Primary elements –
• Venturi Tubes:
• It is used where permanent pressure loss is of prime importance & maximum
accuracy is desired.
• It consists of i) a straight inlet section of the same diameter ii) a converging
conical inlet section iii) a cylindrical throat iv) a diverging recovery cone.
• It is used to handle a fluid which is handled by an orifice plate & fluids that
contain some solids also used to slurries, dirty fluids.
• Made up of CS or steel, are available in sizes from 100 mm to 813 mm, accuracy
±3%.
Venturimeter
Pitot Tube

• Pitot tubes:
• Mainly used for measurement of fluid velocity.
• Operating principle is based on the fact that when a solid body is kept
centrally & stationary in a pipe line with a fluid streaming down, the
velocity of the fluid starts diminishing due to presence of the body till it
is reduced to zero directly in front of the body. (stagnation point)
• It consists of tube with an opening of 3.125 to 6.35 mm. Accuracy
range - ±0.5 to ±5%.
• Pitot tubes are rarely used in process streams but are used in utility
streams where high accuracy is not necessary.
Pitot Tube
Rotameter

• Most extensively used form of the


variable area flow meter.
• It consists of vertical tapered tube with a
float which is free to move up or down
within the tube.
• The free area between float & inside
wall of the tube forms an annular orifice.
• The pressure differential across annular
orifice is proportional to square of its
flow area & square of the flow rate.
Rotameters:
The tube materials of rotameters may be of glass or metal.
Applications of rotameters are for low viscosity fluids.
Accuracy range - ±0.5% to ±10%.
Measures the flow as high as 920 LPH.
Advantages:
Cost is relatively low, good for small flows.
Equipped with alarm switches, transmitting devices.
Handles wide variety of corrosives.
Disadvantages:
Glass tube type is easily breakable, limited to small pipe sizes.
Limited to relatively low temp.
• Flow Measuring Methods:

• Types:

a) Variable head or differential meters


b) Variable Area meters
c) Magnetic meters
d) Turbine meters
e) Target meters
f) Ultrasonic flow meters

You might also like