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    Pathology of Hypertension

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    Umar
    The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including defining it as blood pressure consistently over 130/80 mmHg, classifying it into stages, identifying risk factors and complications, and emphasizing lifestyle modifications and medications for treatment and management to prevent end-organ damage. Hypertension can be primary/essential with unknown cause or secondary from an underlying condition, and regular monitoring of blood pressure is important for control.

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    Pathology of Hypertension

    Uploaded by

    Umar
    17 views11 pages
    The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including defining it as blood pressure consistently over 130/80 mmHg, classifying it into stages, identifying risk factors and complications, and emphasizing lifestyle modifications and medications for treatment and management to prevent end-organ damage. Hypertension can be primary/essential with unknown cause or secondary from an underlying condition, and regular monitoring of blood pressure is important for control.

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    Hypertension

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    The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including defining it as blood pressure consistently over 130/80 mmHg, classifying it into stages, identifying risk factors and complications, and emphasizing lifestyle modifications and medications for treatment and management to prevent end-organ damage. Hypertension can be primary/essential with unknown cause or secondary from an underlying condition, and regular monitoring of blood pressure is important for control.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    17 views11 pages

    Pathology of Hypertension

    Uploaded by

    Umar
    The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including defining it as blood pressure consistently over 130/80 mmHg, classifying it into stages, identifying risk factors and complications, and emphasizing lifestyle modifications and medications for treatment and management to prevent end-organ damage. Hypertension can be primary/essential with unknown cause or secondary from an underlying condition, and regular monitoring of blood pressure is important for control.

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    Pathology

    Course Facilitator: Dr Umer Hamid

    Name: Zoya
    Roll No : 021
    Department: HND
    Terminology Of Hypertension

    What Is Hypertension?
     Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition
    where the force of blood against the walls of blood vessels is consistently
    higher than normal.

     When someone has hypertension, their blood pressure consistently exceeds the normal
    range. Normal blood pressure is generally considered to be below 120/80 mmHg.
    Hypertension is typically diagnosed when blood pressure readings consistently reach or
    exceed 130/80 mmHg.
    Hypertension Classification:

     Prehypertension: SBP 120-139 mmHg or DBP 80-89 mmHg. It


    signifies an increased risk of developing hypertension.
     Stage 1 Hypertension: SBP 140-159 mmHg or DBP 90-99
    mmHg. This stage calls for lifestyle modifications and, in some
    cases, medication.
     Stage 2 Hypertension: SBP ≥160 mmHg or DBP ≥100 mmHg. It
    necessitates immediate lifestyle changes and medication
    intervention.
    Blood Pressure Measurements:

     Blood pressure measurements assess the force of blood against the walls of blood
    vessels. They are represented by two numbers, such as 120/80 mmHg.
     The top number is called the systolic pressure. It represents the pressure when the heart
    beats and pumps blood into the arteries.
     The bottom number is called the diastolic pressure. It represents the pressure when the
    heart is at rest between beats.
     A blood pressure reading of 120/80 mmHg means the systolic pressure is 120 mmHg
    and the diastolic pressure is 80 mmHg.
     Normal blood pressure is typically below 120/80 mmHg. Higher readings may indicate
    high blood pressure (hypertension), which can have health risks.
    Signs And Symptoms Of Hypertension:
     Most people with hypertension don’t feel any symptoms. Very high blood pressures can
    cause headaches, blurred vision, chest pain and other symptoms.

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    Types Of Hypertension:

     There are two main types of hypertension: primary (essential) hypertension


    and secondary hypertension.

     Primary Hypertension: Also known as essential hypertension, it is the


    most common type (90-95% cases). The exact cause is unknown, but factors
    like genetics, lifestyle, and age contribute.
     Secondary Hypertension: Resulting from an underlying medical
    condition or medication, it accounts for 5-10% of hypertension cases.
    Identifying and treating the underlying cause is crucial.
    Risk Factors Of Hypertension:
     Modifiable Risk Factors:
    Factors that can be controlled
    or changed, such as smoking,
    poor diet, sedentary lifestyle,
    obesity, excessive alcohol
    consumption, and stress.
     Non-Modifiable Risk Factors:
    Factors beyond our control,
    including age (≥65), family
    history, ethnicity (African
    descent), and certain genetic
    traits
    Complications:

     End-Organ Damage:Chronic hypertension can damage vital


    organs such as the heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes, leading to
    conditions like heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and vision
    problems.
     Hypertensive Crisis: A severe and potentially life-threatening
    condition characterized by extremely high blood pressure
    (>180/120 mmHg). It requires immediate medical attention.
    Treatment And Management:

     Lifestyle Modifications: Encouraging healthy habits like regular


    exercise, a balanced diet (low sodium), weight management,
    smoking cessation, stress reduction, and moderation of alcohol
    intake.
     Medications: Various classes of drugs are available to control
    hypertension, including diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors,
    calcium channel blockers, and others. They should be taken under
    medical supervision.
    Monitoring Blood Pressure:

     Home Blood Pressure Monitoring: Regular


    self-measurement of blood pressure using a home
    blood pressure monitor.
     Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring
    (ABPM): A portable device worn for 24 hours,
    measuring blood pressure at regular intervals.
     In-Office Blood Pressure Measurement: Blood
    pressure measurement taken during a healthcare
    visit, often using a sphygmomanometer.
    Conclusion:

     Hypertension is a prevalent and serious medical condition with


    long-term health implications.
     By familiarizing ourselves with the terminology and concepts
    discussed today, we can take proactive steps to prevent, manage,
    and control hypertension effectively.
     Thank you for your attention.

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