System and Booking

Terminologies
GTBUSTEL- APPLIED BUSINESS TOOLS AND
TECHNOLOGIES IN TOURISM
 SYSTEM - DEFINITION

An array of components that work together to achieve a common goal, or

multiple goals by accepting input, processing it, and producing output in an
organized manner. A system is commonly consists of several subsystems –
components of a larger system – with subgoals, all contributing to meeting
the main goal. Systems can receive input from, and transfer output to, other
systems or subsystems. Systems can either be open or closed depending on
the nature of the information flow in the system.

LAILA D. MALABANAN
CTHM
 KINDS OF SYSTEM

•Open system – interfaces and interacts with other system. Subsystems by

definition are always open, because as components of a bigger system,
they must receive information from, and give information to, other
subsystems.

•Closed system – stands alone, with no connection to another system:

nothing flows in from another system, nothing flows out to another system.
The system may be isolated for security purposes.

LAILA D. MALABANAN
CTHM
 INFORMATION SYSTEM - DEFINED

IS consists of all the components that work together to process data and produce
information.

Systems thinking – thinking of an organization in terms of its sub-organizations or

subsystems. A powerful management approach because it creates a framework for
both excellent problem solving and excellent decision making which help
managers to stay focused on the overall goals and operations of a business.
Database – a large collection of electronic records – connected to the Web which
can also be accessible to other departments.

LAILA D. MALABANAN
CTHM
 INFORMATION SYSTEM - DEFINED

Information map – description of data and information flow within an

organization
Information technology (IT) – a term that refers to all technologies that
collectively facilitate construction and maintenance of information systems.

LAILA D. MALABANAN
CTHM
 E-Readiness in Tourism Industry
• The tourism industry is experiencing radical changes due to economic
restructuring, consumer protection, airline deregulation, environmental
awareness, and the increasing spread of and flexibility of vacation days.
these factors led to a paradigm shift in what is being termed “NEW
TOURISM” – which is characterized as being flexible, segmented,
diagonally integrated, and customized.

LAILA D. MALABANAN
CTHM
Laila D. Malabanan
 E-Readiness in Tourism Industry

• The use of technology relates to the process of

diagonal integration whereby firms logically combine
services by using information technology for best
productivity and profitability. New Tourism can be
contrasted to old tourism, which is characterized by
mass, standardized and rigidly packaged products.

LAILA D. MALABANAN
CTHM
Laila D. Malabanan
 E-Readiness in Tourism Industry

• Technologies, such as GDS, internet, electronic

communication, electronic ticketing, and electronic
funds transfer, will be used to facilitate changes in
distribution, and the promotion of tourism products
and services. The focus of technological applications
for New Tourism is on global networks,
communication and value creation

LAILA D. MALABANAN
CTHM
Laila D. Malabanan
 E-Readiness in Tourism Industry

• Technologies such as the internet will enable tourism

products to be more easily packaged together, and
customized. An example of travel offerings being sold
online is e-travel. This is a travel site that offers online
reservation. One implication of online booking is
disinter mediating the booking process, or cutting out
the traditional agency role.

LAILA D. MALABANAN
CTHM
Laila D. Malabanan
 E-Readiness in Tourism Industry
• In terms of the tourist transport provider, the immediate impact of
information technologies is that up-to-date information flows are
now vital when a supply chain exists. Logistics is an important
concept, as IT and logistics allow transport providers to achieve their
goals in a competitive environment. A dominant technology that
support logistics are CRS and GDS.

LAILA D. MALABANAN
CTHM
Laila D. Malabanan
 E-Readiness in Tourism Industry
• Three factors should be taken into consideration in identifying the e-
readiness of the industry namely:
• People
• Technology
• Nature of the business

LAILA D. MALABANAN
CTHM
Laila D. Malabanan
 TERMINOLOGY
TRIP RELATED DEFINITION
TERMINOLOGY
ORIGIN The starting point at which the passenger begins his travel on a
particular flight segment
DESTNATION The ultimate end of the passenger’s journey as shown on the
booking and ticket
DEPARTURE CITY Point of embarkation

ITINERARY List of all the flights the passenger is scheduled to take

Segment / Leg Flight segment or auxilliary segment of the itinerary
Routing Term to identify the passengers flight itinerary
 TERMINOLOGY
TYPES OF JOURNEY DEFINITION
ONE WAY JOURNEY Trip that does not involve return journey to the origin city
ROUND TRIP JOURNEY A flight that involves flying to a single destination and back to
origin city
Circle TRIP A trip that involves two or more destinations; consist of two
(2) fare components wherein the outbound is NOT equal to
the inbound fare component.
Open Jaw A trip where the next flight’s origin city is different from the
arrival city of the last segment.

ARNK Arrival Not Known; used in CRS booking; portion of the

itinerary where a passenger will not take any air service from
one city to the next
 TERMINOLOGY
FLIGHT SERVICES DEFINITION
NON – STOP FLIGHT A flight that proceeds directly to the final destination without making
any stop(s) at intermediate point.
DIRECT FLIGHT Any flights between two points with NO CHANGE in aircraft and flight
Number, but with a possibility of lay-over
CONNECTING FLIGHT Additional flight(s) where change of flight number is required to reach
the final destination.
OFFLINE CONNECTION A connection that involves not only a change of aircraft but also change
of airline service to bring passengers from the arrival city to the next
intermediate point.
CHANGE OF GAUGE There is a change in the aircraft enroute or a change of inventory 
compartment enroute but uses single flight number.
CODE SHARE FLIGHT An agreement between airlines to sell space on each others flight using
their own two letter codes in the CRS
 TERMINOLOGY
PASSENGER Any person manifested, ticketed and carried on board in any
transportation.
ADULT (12 & ABOVE) A person who has reached his/her 12th birthday on the date of the
commencement of travel.

CHILD (02-11 YRS ) A person who has reached his/her second birthday but not his/her 12th
birthday on the date of the commencement of travel.

INFANT (01-23 MOS) A person who has not reached his/her second birthday as of the date of
the commencement of travel.

Free Individual Traveler (FIT) Reservations made for 1 to 9 passengers.

Group Inclusive Tour (GIT) Booking that consists of 10 or more passengers on the same date for
the same destination.

Minimum Connecting Time The legal minimum time necessary to change planes at the airport for
connection.
 TERMINOLOGY

Greenwich Mean Time Universal point of reference in determining standard time; also
known as Zulu time, Universal Time (UT) or Coordinated Universal
Time (CUT)
Zulu Time The standard time used for flight operations globally. The letter
designator of this clock is Z.
My Phonetic Alphabet and 24-
Hour Clock
GTBUSTEL- APPLIED BUSINESS TOOLS AND
TECHNOLOGIES IN TOURISM
 PHONETIC ALPHABET

 Understanding and knowledge of the phonetic alphabet is important in the

tourism and travel industry
 The use of the phonetic alphabet made communication easier
 Phonetic Alphabet
A – Alpha N –November
B – Bravo O - Oscar
C – Charlie P - Papa
D – Delta Q - Quebec
E – Echo R - Romeo
F – Foxtrot S – Sierra
G – Golf T - Tango
H – Hotel U - Umbrella
I – India V - Victor
J – Jack W - Whisky
K – Kilo X - X-ray
L – Lima Y - Yankee
M – Mama Z - Zulu
 24-HOUR CLOCK

• The 24-hour clock used in the industry can also be referred to as the
military time being used by the military.
• The hours of the day will be expressed in four-digit numbers; the A.M.
and P.M. abbreviations are no longer used.
• We must remember that reading time from 1:00 A.M. to 12:00 NN
should be just the same except for dropping the A.M. abbreviation.
When the hour of the day turned to 1:00 P.M. we must read it as 1300
and so on until it reached the 24-hour time.
 24-HOUR CLOCK

Example:
24-hour clock 12-hour clock
2310 11:10 P.M.
0625 06:25 A.M.
1557 03:57 P.M.
1030 10:30 A.M.
 Time Comparison

• Time comparison refers to the calculation of time difference between

two locations.
• Each time zone around the world is referenced to the Greenwich
Meridian which is an imaginary vertical line near London, England.
• The Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is shown as zero.
 Time Comparison

• Time zone at the west of GMT is expressed as negative for it is earlier

than the GMT. On the other hand, time zone on the east of GMT is
expressed as positive because the time is later than the GMT. The
stopping point for determining the west from the east is another
imaginary line called International Date Line (IDL).
Source: World time zone map - Google Search
 Elapsed Flying Time
The time specified is always the local time, whether from the point of origin
and the local time at the destination. It is for this reason why eastbound
flights seem to take longer than westbound flights
Elapsed flying time pertains to the actual flight time
 Elapsed Flying Time
To compute for the elapsed flying time:
 subtract the departure time from that of the arrival time, however, calculating elapsed time is
different from a simple math, thus a math calculator cannot be used in such process since time is
based on the number 60.
 if the flight is westbound, add the hours, if it is eastbound, subtract the hours.
 Elapsed Flying Time
Example:
Compute for the elapsed flying time
Flight for Manila – Macau via Philippine Airlines
Arrival time: 14:35
Departure time: 12:30
 Elapsed Flying Time
Example:
Flight for Manila – Macau via Philippine Airlines
Arrival time: 14:35
-
Departure time: 12:30
02:05
Answer: 2 hours and 5 minutes
 Elapsed Flying Time
Example:
Compute for the elapsed flying time
Flight for Manila – Doha via Philippine Airlines
Arrival time: 11:25
Departure time: 06:55
 Elapsed Flying Time
Example:
Compute for the elapsed flying time
Flight for Manila – Doha via Philippine Airlines
Arrival time: 11:25 (borrow 1 hour and convert it to minutes)
Departure time: 06:55
 Elapsed Flying Time
Example:
Compute for the elapsed flying time
 Flight for Manila – Doha via Philippine Airlines
 Arrival time: 10:85
 Departure time: 06:55
04:30

However, Doha is GMT +3

Manila is GMT +8
Therefore, the answer should be 9 hours and 30 minutes
 Elapsed Flying Time
Example:
Compute for the elapsed flying time
Flight for Manila – Bangkok via Philippine Airlines
Arrival time: 11:30
Departure time: 08:55
End of Presentation