The document discusses cursors in PL/SQL. It defines a cursor as a pointer to a context area that contains information needed to process an SQL statement. There are two types of cursors: implicit and explicit. Implicit cursors are automatically generated for DML statements, while explicit cursors must be defined and controlled by the programmer. The document provides details on declaring, opening, fetching from, and closing an explicit cursor in PL/SQL. An example is given to demonstrate the use of an explicit cursor to retrieve data from a table.
The document discusses cursors in PL/SQL. It defines a cursor as a pointer to a context area that contains information needed to process an SQL statement. There are two types of cursors: implicit and explicit. Implicit cursors are automatically generated for DML statements, while explicit cursors must be defined and controlled by the programmer. The document provides details on declaring, opening, fetching from, and closing an explicit cursor in PL/SQL. An example is given to demonstrate the use of an explicit cursor to retrieve data from a table.
The document discusses cursors in PL/SQL. It defines a cursor as a pointer to a context area that contains information needed to process an SQL statement. There are two types of cursors: implicit and explicit. Implicit cursors are automatically generated for DML statements, while explicit cursors must be defined and controlled by the programmer. The document provides details on declaring, opening, fetching from, and closing an explicit cursor in PL/SQL. An example is given to demonstrate the use of an explicit cursor to retrieve data from a table.
The document discusses cursors in PL/SQL. It defines a cursor as a pointer to a context area that contains information needed to process an SQL statement. There are two types of cursors: implicit and explicit. Implicit cursors are automatically generated for DML statements, while explicit cursors must be defined and controlled by the programmer. The document provides details on declaring, opening, fetching from, and closing an explicit cursor in PL/SQL. An example is given to demonstrate the use of an explicit cursor to retrieve data from a table.
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Cursors
Dr.P.Dhana Lakshmi • When an SQL statement is processed, Oracle creates a memory area known as context area. • A cursor is a pointer to this context area. It contains all information needed for processing the statement. • In PL/SQL, the context area is controlled by Cursor. • A cursor contains information on a select statement and the rows of data accessed by it. • A cursor is used to referred to a program to fetch and process the rows returned by the SQL statement, one at a time. • There are two types of cursors: • Implicit Cursors • Explicit Cursors PL/SQL Implicit Cursors • The implicit cursors are automatically generated by Oracle while an SQL statement is executed, if you don't use an explicit cursor for the statement.
• These are created by default to process the statements when DML statements like INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE etc. are executed.
• Oracle provides some attributes known as Implicit cursor's attributes to check the status of DML operations.
• Some of them are: %FOUND, %NOTFOUND, %ROWCOUNT and %ISOPEN.
• For example: When you execute the SQL statements like INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE then the cursor attributes tell whether any rows are affected and how many have been affected. • update the table and increase salary of each customer by 5000. • Output: 6 customers updated PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. select * from customers; PL/SQL Explicit Cursors • The Explicit cursors are defined by the programmers to gain more control over the context area. • These cursors should be defined in the declaration section of the PL/SQL block. It is created on a SELECT statement which returns more than one row. • Syntax of explicit cursor • CURSOR cursor_name IS select_statement;; Steps while working with an explicit cursor: • Declare the cursor to initialize in the memory. • Open the cursor to allocate memory. • Fetch the cursor to retrieve data. • Close the cursor to release allocated memory. Declare the cursor: • It defines the cursor with a name and the associated SELECT statement. • Syntax for explicit cursor decleration • CURSOR name IS • SELECT statement; Open the cursor: • It is used to allocate memory for the cursor and make it easy to fetch the rows returned by the SQL statements into it. • Syntax for cursor open: • OPEN cursor_name; Fetch the cursor: • It is used to access one row at a time. You can fetch rows from the above-opened cursor as follows: • Syntax for cursor fetch: • FETCH cursor_name INTO variable_list; Close the cursor: • It is used to release the allocated memory. The following syntax is used to close the above-opened cursors. • Syntax for cursor close: • Close cursor_name; PL/SQL Explicit Cursor Example • Explicit cursors are defined by programmers to gain more control over the context area. • It is defined in the declaration section of the PL/SQL block. It is created on a SELECT statement which returns more than one row. • Let's take an example to demonstrate the use of explicit cursor. In this example, we are using the already created CUSTOMERS table. • 1 Ramesh Allahabad • 2 Suresh Kanpur • 3 Mahesh Ghaziabad • 4 Chandan Noida • 5 Alex Paris • 6 Sunita Delhi • PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
