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Signals and Linear Systems Introduction

This document provides an introduction to signals and linear systems. It defines a signal as any physical quantity that varies over time, space, or other variables and carries information. Examples include speech, video, wireless signals, and biological signals. A system is defined as a mathematical transformation that maps an input signal to an output signal. Communication systems take a speech signal as input and output an estimated version. Signals can be continuous or discrete in time. Periodic signals repeat over a fundamental period, while non-periodic signals do not repeat. Discrete signals are defined at discrete time intervals.

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11 views17 pages

Signals and Linear Systems Introduction

This document provides an introduction to signals and linear systems. It defines a signal as any physical quantity that varies over time, space, or other variables and carries information. Examples include speech, video, wireless signals, and biological signals. A system is defined as a mathematical transformation that maps an input signal to an output signal. Communication systems take a speech signal as input and output an estimated version. Signals can be continuous or discrete in time. Periodic signals repeat over a fundamental period, while non-periodic signals do not repeat. Discrete signals are defined at discrete time intervals.

Uploaded by

Shahriar Tarvir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signals and Linear Systems

Lecture 1
Signal?
Signal
A signal is defined as any physical quantity that carries
information and varies with time, space, or any other
independent variable or variables

Example: speech, television, mobile network, wifi,


voltages generated by the heart and brain, seismic
vibrations, signals from GPS satellites
System
A system is defined mathematically as a transformation that maps an input signal x(t)
into an output signal y(t) as illustrated in figure. This can be denoted as

y(t)=H{x(t)}

where H is an operator.
System
Example: a communication system itself is a combination of transmitter, channel, and
receiver. A communication system takes speech signal as input and transforms it into an
output signal, which is an estimate of the original input signal.
Classification
of
Signals
Continuous Time (CT)
A signal x(t) is said to be CT signal if it is defined for all time t.

Discrete Time (DT)


A DT signal is defined only at discrete instants of time. A DT signal is often derived
from the CT signal by sampling. The sampling of a CT signal x(t) at t=nT s, gives the
DT signal x[n]=x(nTs), where Ts is the sampling time.
Continuous Signal Discrete Signal
x(t) x[n]
Periodic Signal
A periodic signal x(t) is a function of time that satisfies the condition
x(t)= x(t+T) for all t

Where T is a positive constant

If this condition is satisfied for T=T0., then it is also satisfied for T=T0,
2T=T0, 3T=T0……..

The smallest value of T that satisfies this condition is called the


“Fundamental Period” of x(t).
Non Periodic Signal
Any signal that is not periodic is non periodic or aperiodic.
Periodic Discrete Signal

A discrete time signal x[n] is said to be periodic if

x[n]=x[n+N] ,for integer n

Where N is a positive integer. The smallest integer N for which this equation is
satisfied is called the Fundamental Period.

Fundamental frequency of x[n] is defined by

Which is measured in radians.


The difference between continuous time period T and discrete
time period N is that

● T can be any positive value

● N has to be positive integer.


Deterministic and Random Signal

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