Cadang Cadang

CADANG-CADANG DISEASE
CONTAINMENT AND
REHABILITATION PROGRAM
Maria Judith B. Rodriguez, PhD

PCA-Albay Research Center
Banao, Guinobatan, Albay 4503
Philippines
Research Findings: 1977-1995
 Cadang-cadang is an infectious disease
of coconut, which is endemic to the
Philippines
 It is caused by a viroid named the
Coconut Cadang-cadang Viroid or
CCCVd
 Viroids are obligate parasites that are
closely associated with the cellular
components of the host
 To date, viroids are considered the
smallest plant pathogens
The Disease Syndrome
 First serious outbreak occurred in
1931 on San Miguel Island in Albay
 Palms with the disease progress
through a well-defined series of
changes culminating in death
 Infected palms are classified as
being at early (E), mid (M), or late
(L) stage
 Early stage is the most infective
phase
Early Stage
(E1)
More nuts
are produced
but are
smaller and
rounded with
equatorial L
scarification M
M
D
H
D
Early Stage (E2)
D
D
Inflorescence is
stunted with tip
Chlorotic leaf necrosis and loss
spots appear of some male
florets
Early Stage (E3)
 Leaf spots
enlarge
 Fewer nuts are
produced
 New
inflorescences
are stunted
and sterile
Mid Stage
 Spathe, inflorescence and nut

production decline then cease
 Leaf spots become more numerous
 Fibers remain attached to the bases
of fronds rather than break off as in
a healthy palm
Late Stage
 Fronds
decline in
size and
number
 Leaflets
become
brittle
 Leaf spots
coalesce
giving a
general  Crown size is reduced and
chlorosis
the palm dies
Duration of the Stages of
Disease Development
 Time between appearance of first
symptoms and death of palm ranges
from three to > 15 years and is, on
the average of about 10 years
 Early stage lasts an average of 2
years in 19-30 year-old palms but
up to 3.75 years in older palms
 Middle stage lasts for an average of
just over 2 years
 Late stage until death averages
about 5 years
“BROOMING”
SYMPTOM
 A new symptom type
first appeared in 1987
 Its main features are
the great loss of leaf
lamina giving the
palm a “broomed”
appearance, much
shorter fronds and
severe stunting that
lead to premature
death
Molecular Diagnostics for
Early Detection of CCCVd
Extraction of low MHA using highly

MW nucleic acids specific Dig-labeled
from coconut leaves oligonucleotide probe
 CCCVd could be detected in pollen,
seedlings, embryos and plantlets grown
in vitro originating from naturally
infected palms
 Could be transmitted thru pollen and
seed
 Could be transmitted thru contaminated
harvesting tools
 No evidence was obtained on disease
transmission through leaf-eating and
sucking insects
 The ff. members of the palm family
were identified as alternate hosts:
Buri
African Oil Palm
Betel
Manila Palm
Palmera
Royal Palm
 No source of conventional resistance
was found
 The disease is usually observed after
palms reach 10 years of age and
incidence increases linearly up to 40
years
 It has scattered and random
distribution
 It has slow and gradual rate of
spread: 0.1%-1% in low and high
incidence areas, respectively
 Its outward advance is about 500m
p.a.
GEOGRAPHICAL
CADANG-CADANG
DISEASE
DISTRIBUTION
 Viroid-contaminated farm tools could
be disinfected by: Freshly prepared
20% household bleach solution (1%
sodium hypochlorite); tools should
be dipped for about 10 seconds
 Viroid disease could be cured
chemically by: Foliar spray with
Ribavirin and Chitosan but the
expense and toxicity just above
effective concentrations limit their
use
Economic Impact
 Loss of 10-13 yrs of nut production

from each diseased site
 Incited international trade
restrictions on Philippine coconut
products resulting to decrease in
revenues
Import Ban on Philippine Coconut
Products due to Cadang-cadang
1998: Brazil on dessicated coconut
Saudi Arabia on dessicated coconut,
powder/slice form, fresh coconut
with husk, fiber by-products, nata de
coco and Makapuno
1999: Malaysia on fresh young coconut
2000: Taiwan on fresh young coconut
Reasons: fear of possible entry of the pathogen to their
countries and the alleged danger to human health
Condition for lifting the ban: Phytosanitary certification
that Philippines is totally free from Cadang-cadang
Position of the
Philippine Government
 Cadang-cadang is prevalent only in

central eastern Philippines; the rest
of the country is disease-free
 Above location is quarantined
 Export products, particularly fresh
young coconut, are traditionally
sourced out from disease-free areas
Practical Disease Management
Requirements as per ISPM:
1. Systems to establish freedom
1.1 General pest surveillance
1.2 Specific surveys (delimiting; detection)
2. Phytosanitary measures to establish freedom
2.1 Establishment of quarantine checkpoints
and buffer zones
2.2 Information campaign
3. Checks to verify freedom
3.1 Continuous monitoring and regulatory actions
3.2 Documentation
3.3 Periodic review and evaluation
PCA Containment & Rehabilitation
Program: 2002 to date
Component I
 General disease surveillance
 Removal of infected palms
 Replanting with early-bearing varieties
Component II
 Viroid indexing of coconut farms for
disease-free certification
Component III
 Monitoring of disease boundaries
 Designation of buffer zones
 Establishment of quarantine checkpoints
Component I: Disease Surveillance,
Removal of Infected Palms and
Replanting
OBJECTIVE:
To update geographical disease distribution
and total number of infected palms, remove
sources of inoculum in the field & rehabilitate
the affected areas through replanting
This is urgent as old data are being disseminated in other countries
implying that there is widespread epidemic of Cadang-cadang in the
Philippines with 30 million palms being infected annually.
On-going:
 Enumerators undertaking questionnaire
survey to fast track data gathering
 Encoders assisting in the consolidation of
survey data
 Early detection is of prime importance
as attempts to eradicate the disease
have failed when only the late stage
palms have been removed
 Replanting is a control
recommendation for Cadang-cadang
based on observations that the rate of
spread in new plantings is not
influenced by their proximity to
infected palms
 This practice is believed to have
contributed to the decline of Cadang-
cadang incidence in the province of
Albay in the early 80’s
CADANG-CADANG AFFECTED PROVINCES,
CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES
(as per Section 1 of BPI PQS A.O. No. 13, Series of 2004)
Region/Province: Municipality
IVA/Quezon: Real, Infanta, Gen. Nakar, Polillo, Burdeos,
Panukulan, Patnanungan, Jomalig, San Narciso, San
Francisco, Catanauan, Mulanay, Calauag, Atimonan,
Guinayangan, Alabat, Perez, Quezon
V/Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur,
Catanduanes, Masbate and Sorsogon: All cities and
municipalities
VIII/Northern Samar: All municipalities
VIII/Western Samar: Calbayog City, Sta. Margarita
VIII/Biliran: Kawayan, Maripipi
VIII/Eastern Samar: Balangiga, Borongan, Dolores,
Gen.McArthur, Giporlos, Guiuan, Hernani, Maydolong,
Mercedes, Salcedo, San Julian, San Policarpo, Sulat
Component II: CCCVd Indexing &
Certification of Disease-free Farms
OBJECTIVE:
To assure importers that coconuts will be
taken only from disease-free areas that have
been subjected to highly sensitive viroid
detection
On-going:
 Maintenance/upgrade of the PCA Viroid
Diagnostic Laboratory (the only one available
in the country)
 Viroid indexing of sources of planting
materials in support to PCA’s Planting and
Replanting Program
Component III: Monitoring of Disease
Boundaries, and Establishment of Buffer
Zones and Quarantine Checkpoints
OBJECTIVE:
To prevent further spread of the disease and
confine it only to central eastern part of the
country
On-going:
Monitoring of disease boundaries
 Northernmost boundary
 Central western boundary
 Southernmost boundary
Section 7 of BPI PQS A.O. No. 13, Series
of 2004
Prohibition and Exemption: No part of the coconut palm
and other hosts of Cadang-cadang such as buri,
African oil palm and anahaw (particularly embryos,
pollen, seednuts and seedlings intended for planting
or propagation purposes) shall be allowed to be
transported from Cadang-cadang affected to non-
affected areas except – copra, copra cakes, copra meal;
coconut oil; dried coconut husk, fiber, fiber dust or peat;
dried coconut sawdust; dried leaves and midribs; dried
spathe and spadix or other parts of inflorescences; fully
dried and seasoned lumber (at least 7 days drying); dried
coconut shells and shell charcoal; dried stipules or guinit;
pickled, sweetened, cooked or dehydrated ubod and any
other processed, semi-processed, manufactured and
semi-manufactured parts of the coconut palm
rendered incapable of serving as sources of Cadang-
cadang infection.
BPI/PCA
Functional Quarantine Checkpoints
 Tabogon, Camarines Norte

 Tignoan, Real, Quezon
~End~

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CADANG-CADANG DISEASE

Maria Judith B. Rodriguez, PhD

 Spathe, inflorescence and nut

Extraction of low MHA using highly

 Loss of 10-13 yrs of nut production

 Cadang-cadang is prevalent only in

 Tabogon, Camarines Norte

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