Cell Parts and Functions Review

Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of cells.

• Cells are the smallest working functional units
of all living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells through
cell division.
• The chemical constituents and metabolic
functions of cells share many similarities
1
Size of Cells
Examples of Cells
Amoeba Proteus
Plant Stem
Bacteria
Red Blood Cell
Nerve Cell
4
Two Types of Cells
•Prokaryotic
•Eukaryotic
Types of Cells
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
•Single piece of circular •As chromosomes within a
DNA nucleus
•No membrane bound •Many different membrane-
organelles bound organelles
•Usually single-celled •Often multicellular
•May or may not need •Require oxygen for
oxygen for metabolism metabolism
•Eg. Bacteria
Prokaryotic
• No distinct nucleus
• Do not have membrane
bound organelles
• Few internal structures
7
Prokaryotic Cells
Bacteria cells
Eukaryotic
• Has a membrane bound (distinct) nucleus
• Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
• Most living organisms
Animal
Plant
9
Eukaryotic cells
may be PLANT or ANIMAL
Cells
Plant Cells
“Typical” Plant Cell
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif
12
Or this…
“Typical” Animal Cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif
14
Or this…
Types of Animal Cells
Amoeba
Human Cheek Cell
Simple Columnar Epithelium Cells
Mouse Osteoblast (young bone cell)
Nerve Cell
Red Blood Cell
Cell Parts Structure
& Function
http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
1. Surrounding the Cell
Cell Membrane
• Outer membrane of cell
that controls movement of
substances in and out of
the cell
• Double layer
• Described by fluid mosaic
model
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
25
Cell Membrane – Fluid Mosaic
Model
•Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

•Allows food to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell but keeps
organelles in and invaders out.
•Allows the cell to communicate with other cells
Cell Wall
•Found commonly in plant cells and
some bacteria.
•Composed of cellulose (celery is
mostly cell wall).
•Protect and support plants, provide
rigidity.
•Have pores to allow nutrients and
wastes to pass through.
Cell Wall
http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html
28
2. Inside the Cell
Nucleus
• Directs cell activities
• Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane
• Contains genetic material
– Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
30
Nucleus
32
Nuclear Membrane
• Surrounds nucleus
• Made of two layers
• Openings allow material to enter and leave
nucleus
33
Nucleolus
• Inside the nucleus, made from material such as

chromosomes.
•The site of ribosome production.
Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build proteins
35
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
• Gel-like mixture
• Surrounded by cell membrane
• Contains all of the other organelles suspended
in it
36
Endoplasmic Reticulum and
Ribosomes
•The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a series of canals that carry
materials through the cell.
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein production.
•The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is covered in
ribosomes and connects with the nucleus. Proteins are
made here and transported by the canal system to where
they are needed.
•The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum makes lipids and
stores Calcium ions
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
38
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
• Each cell contains
thousands
• Makes proteins
• Found on rough ER &
floating throughout
the cell
41
Golgi Bodies/Apparatus
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Produces transport
vesicles that move
materials within the
cell
• Move materials out
of the cell
42
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions (power
house of the cell)
– breaks down fats &
carbohydrates to make
energy
• Has its own DNA
(mDNA)
44
Mitochondrion
Composed of outer membrane, inner membrane that creates
folds called cristae, and a liquid matrix.
46
Vesicles
1.Lysosomes
• Contains enzymes
• Digestive ‘organelle' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell membrane
for removal
• Digests old, worn out cell
parts
47
Vesicles
2. Peroxisomes
• Smaller than
lysosomes
• Contain enzymes
also
• Breakdown fatty
acids and toxins
48
Lysosomes
50
Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant
cells
• Double membrane
• Contains green
chlorophyll
• Where photosynthesis
takes place(food
production site in plants)
51
Chloroplast
Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound sacs for
storage of water, food and
waste
• Contains water solution
• Animal cells have many small
vacuoles
• Plant cells have one large
vacuole
• Help plants maintain shape
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Cell Theory

• All living things are made up of cells.

Red Blood Cell

•Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

• Inside the nucleus, made from material such as

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