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Lecture 2

This document provides an overview of database administration including defining what it is, common tasks, tools, and how to manage Oracle databases. It discusses that a DBA manages database performance, security, backups and more. It also describes how Oracle databases are organized with tablespaces, datafiles, redo logs and segments at the physical level and tables, indexes at the logical level. User account management is also covered including creating users, assigning privileges, roles, and quotas. The document shows how to start up and shut down an Oracle database instance using Oracle Enterprise Manager.

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Rossy
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26 views33 pages

Lecture 2

This document provides an overview of database administration including defining what it is, common tasks, tools, and how to manage Oracle databases. It discusses that a DBA manages database performance, security, backups and more. It also describes how Oracle databases are organized with tablespaces, datafiles, redo logs and segments at the physical level and tables, indexes at the logical level. User account management is also covered including creating users, assigning privileges, roles, and quotas. The document shows how to start up and shut down an Oracle database instance using Oracle Enterprise Manager.

Uploaded by

Rossy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Database Administration

Guide to Oracle 10g 1


Objectives

• Define database administration.


• Understand database administration tasks.
• Perform database administration tasks using
Oracle 11g Enterprise Manager.
• Understand Oracle 11g and SQL Server data
storage structures.

2
What is Database Administration?

• A Function information technology (IT) department


• Database Administrator (DBA)
– Overall health / Performance
– Manages Security
– Setup Test and Dev. Environments
• Avg $77K/year (BLS 2014)
• http://
www.bls.gov/ooh/computer-and-information-technol
ogy/database-administrators.htm
3
Duties of the DBA

• Manage Database Objects – Tables / Views /


Procedures
• Database performance
• Security – Logons /Users / Roles
• Clone data from Production to Development or
Test
• Manage backups and carry out DR plans.

Guide to Oracle 10g 4


DBA Tools Product Comparison

Oracle 11g SQL Server


• Oracle Enterprise Manager • SQL Server Management
• Web-Based Studio
• Client-Based

Guide to Oracle 10g 5


Oracle Enterprise Manager

• User account must have DBA role


• Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM)
– Three-tier architecture
– Console
• Oracle Management Server (OMS)
– Interacts with repository
– Makes it easier for DBAs to administer multiple
databases in organization’s network
6
OEM Architecture

7
Managing Oracle 11g Data Storage

• Like most DBMS’s the logical structures


– Tables
– Constraints
– Views / Procedures
• Can be stored in physical data structures
– Files on disk
– Dedicated drive partitions
– RAM

Guide to Oracle 10g 8


Oracle 11g Data Structures
• Tablespace
– One or more Data Files
• Segment
– Partitioned Data
• Extent
– Growth rule for segment
• Data block
– Database storage data block
– Operating system blocks

9
Tablespaces
• One or more Data files
• Stores all database structures + data
– Tables, data, views, sp’s etc…

Guide to Oracle 10g 10


Datafiles

• .dbf extensions
• Store tablespace contents
• Stored in Oracle_Base\oradata\SID
• Use OEM to view and modify
• Grow via Extents

Guide to Oracle 10g 11


Segments – They Partition the data

12
Extents – Smallest unit added to data
file
• Sequence of Data Blocks
• When an insert grows beyond the data file size
allocation, a new extent is added.
• More efficient to add groups of data blocks vs.
individual blocks.

Guide to Oracle 10g 13


Data Blocks – Smallest Unit
Read/Written

14
Managing Oracle 11g Data Structures

• Create tablespace
• Manage datafile extents
– Autoextensible tablespace
• Configure tablespace and datafile properties

• Demo!
Guide to Oracle 10g 15
Oracle 11g Database File Architecture

16
Parameter File

• Text file
• Specifies configuration information about Oracle
10g database instance
• init.ora
– Stored in Oracle_Base\admin\SID\pfile folder
• DBAs can edit parameter file
– Modify database configuration

Guide to Oracle 10g 17


Control Files

• Store information about database structure and


state
• Stored in Oracle_Base\oradata\SID
• Three separate control files by default:
– CONTROL01.CTL
– CONTROL02.CTL
– CONTROL03.CTL
– All contain same data
– At least one must be present
18
Redo Log Files

• Records information to undo action query changes


• .log extension
• Stored in Oracle_Base\ORADATA\SID
• Pre-image
• Rollback segment

Guide to Oracle 10g 19


User Accounts

20
Creating and Managing User Accounts
• Create new user account
– General information about user account
– System privileges user has in database
– User’s tablespace quota on database server

–Demo!

Guide to Oracle 10g 21


Specifying General User Information

• Use OEM
– General page:
• Name
• Profile
• Authentication
• Default tablespace
• Temporary tablespace
• Status

Guide to Oracle 10g 22


Specifying System Privileges

• System privilege
• Object privilege
• Enable new user to interact with Oracle 10g
database
– DBA grants system privileges
– Use System Privileges page in Create User page
• Admin Option

Guide to Oracle 10g 23


Tablespace Quotas

• Specifies amount of disk space that user’s


database objects can occupy in default tablespace
• Must be assigned
• Quota Size value:
– None, default
– Unlimited
– Value

Guide to Oracle 10g 24


Editing Existing User Accounts

• Use OEM
– Select user account to be modified on Users page
– General page opens
– Select other links to modify properties

Guide to Oracle 10g 25


Roles

• Database object
• Represents collection of system privileges
• Assign to multiple users
• Create role
– Can inherit privileges from other roles
• Grant Role to User Account
• Easier than manually assigning everything
manually.

26
Startup / Shutdown

27
Starting /Shutting Down the Db
• Shut down database periodically
– Perform maintenance
• Restart database

Guide to Oracle 10g 28


Creating an Administrative Connection

• Shutting down database makes database


unavailable for user connections
• DBA must log onto database using administrative
connection
• SYS user account

Guide to Oracle 10g 29


Using OEM to Shut Down and Start a
Database Instance
• DBA shuts down database instance using Normal,
Transactional, or Immediate shutdown option
– Shutdown process performs five following tasks:
• Writes contents of data buffer cache to datafiles
• Writes contents of redo log buffer to redo log files
• Closes all files
• Stops all background processes
• Deallocates SGA in server’s main memory

30
Instance Options

Startup Shutdown
• Start in one of two modes: • Specify one of four ways to
– Unrestricted handle existing user
– Restricted connections:
– Normal
– Transactional
– Immediate
– Abort

31
Oracle 11g Database Instance States

32
Questions?

Guide to Oracle 10g 33

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