Fundamentals of Database

System
Database Management System Basics
Database Management
System Principles
UNIT 1
Overview

• Introduction to Database Management System

• DBMS Key Features
• Data Languages
• Application of DBMS
• File Processing System vs DBMS
• Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS
• DBMS Architecture
What is a Database?
Database is a collection of related data and data
is a collection of facts and figures that can be
processed to produce information.
Data represents recordable facts. Data aids in
producing information, which is based on facts.
What is a Database?
Database is a collection of interrelated data
which helps in the efficient retrieval, insertion,
and deletion of data from the database and
organizes the data in the form of tables, views,
schemas, reports, etc. 
Example of a Database
A university database organizes the data about
students, faculty, admin staff, etc. which helps in
the efficient retrieval, insertion, and deletion of
data from it.
Database Management System
A Database Management System (DBMS) is a
software system that is designed to manage and
organize data in a structured manner. It allows
users to create, modify, and query a database, as
well as manage the security and access controls
for that database.
Database Management System
Examples:
MySQL, Oracle, etc. are popular commercial
DBMS used in different applications. DBMS allows
users the following tasks…
Database Management System
oData Definition: It helps in the creation,
modification, and removal of definitions that
define the organization of data in the database. 
oData Updation: It helps in the insertion,
modification, and deletion of the actual data in the
database. 
Database Management System
oData Retrieval: It helps in the retrieval of data from
the database which can be used by applications for
various purposes. 
oUser Administration: It helps in registering and
monitoring users, enforcing data security,
monitoring performance, maintaining data integrity,
dealing with concurrency control, and recovering
information corrupted by unexpected failure.
Key Features of DBMS
1. Data modeling: A DBMS provides tools for
creating and modifying data models, which define
the structure and relationships of the data in a
database.
Key Features of DBMS
2. Data storage and retrieval: A DBMS is
responsible for storing and retrieving data from
the database, and can provide various methods
for searching and querying the data.
Key Features of DBMS
3. Concurrency control: A DBMS provides
mechanisms for controlling concurrent access to
the database, to ensure that multiple users can
access the data without conflicting with each
other.
Key Features of DBMS
4. Data integrity and security: A DBMS provides
tools for enforcing data integrity and security
constraints, such as constraints on the values of
data and access controls that restrict who can
access the data.
Key Features of DBMS
5. Backup and recovery: A DBMS provides
mechanisms for backing up and recovering the
data in the event of a system failure.
6. DBMS can be classified into two types:
Relational Database Management System
(RDBMS) and Non-Relational Database
Management System (NoSQL or Non-SQL)
Key Features of DBMS

7. RDBMS: Data is organized in the form of tables

and each table has a set of rows and columns. The
data is related to each other through primary and
foreign keys.
Key Features of DBMS

8. NoSQL: Data is organized in the form of key-

value pairs, document, graph, or column-based.
These are designed to handle large-scale, high-
performance scenarios.
4 types of Data Languages

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

2. Data Manipulation Language(DML)
3. Data Control Language(DCL)
4. Transactional Control Language(TCL)
Data Definition Language (DDL)
•  Deals with database schemas and descriptions,
of how the data should reside in the database.
oCREATE: to create a database and its objects like
(table, index, views, store procedure, function, and
triggers)
oALTER: alters the structure of the existing database
Data Definition Language (DDL)
oDROP: delete objects from the database
oTRUNCATE: remove all records from a table,
including all spaces allocated for the records are
removed
oCOMMENT: add comments to the data dictionary
oRENAME: rename an object
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Deals with data manipulation and includes most
common SQL statements such SELECT, INSERT,
UPDATE, DELETE, etc., and it is used to store,
modify, retrieve, delete and update data in a
database.
Data Manipulation Language (DDL)
oSELECT: retrieve data from a database
oINSERT: insert data into a table
oUPDATE: updates existing data within a table
oDELETE: Delete all records from a database table
oMERGE: UPSERT operation (insert or update)
oCALL: call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
oEXPLAIN PLAN: interpretation of the data access path
oLOCK TABLE: concurrency Control
Data Control Language (DCL)

• Acts as an access specifier to the database.

(basically to grant and revoke permissions to
users in the database).
Data Control Language (DCL)
oGRANT: grant permissions to the user for running
DML(SELECT, INSERT, DELETE,…) commands on the
table
oREVOKE: revoke permissions to the user for running
DML(SELECT, INSERT, DELETE,…) command on the
specified table
Transaction Control Language (TCL)

• Acts as an manager for all types of transactional

data and all transactions. Some of the command
of TCL are…
Transaction Control Language (TCL)
oRoll Back: Used to cancel  or Undo changes made in
the database 
oCommit: It is used to apply or save changes in the
database
oSave Point: It is used to save the data on the
temporary basis in the database
File System vs DBMS
File System

• The file system is basically a way of arranging the

files in a storage medium like a hard disk. The file
system organizes the files and helps in the
retrieval of files when they are required.
File System

• File systems consist of different files which are

grouped into directories. The directories further
contain other folders and files. The file system
performs basic operations like management, file
naming, giving access rules, etc. 
File System

Examples:
NTFS (New Technology File System)
EXT (Extended File System)
File System

Examples:
NTFS (New Technology File System)
EXT (Extended File System)
File System and DBMS Differences
Basics File System DBMS
The file system is a way of
Structure arranging the files in a DBMS is software for
storage medium within a managing the database
computer.

Redundant data can be In DBMS there is no

Data Redundancy
present in a file system redundant data.
File System and DBMS Differences
Basics File System DBMS

It doesn’t provide backup It provides backup and

Backup and Recovery and recovery of data if it recovery of data even if it
is lost. is lost.

There is no efficient query Efficient query processing

Query processing processing in the file
system. is there in DBMS.
File System and DBMS Differences
Basics File System DBMS
There is more data
There is less data consistency because of
Consistency consistency in the file the process of
system. normalization.

It is less complex as It has more complexity in

Complexity compared to DBMS. handling as compared to
the file system.
File System and DBMS Differences
Basics File System DBMS

User Access Only one user can access Multiple users can access
data at a time. data at a time.

Data is distributed in Due to centralized nature

Sharing  many files. So, not easy to
share data sharing is easy
DBMS Architecture
The design of a DBMS depends on its architecture. It
can be centralized or decentralized or hierarchical. The
architecture of a DBMS can be seen as either single tier
or multi-tier. An n-tier architecture divides the whole
system into related but independent n modules, which
can be independently modified, altered, changed, or
replaced.
1-Tier Architecture
It is the simplest architecture of Database in which
the client, server, and Database all reside on the same
machine. A simple one tier architecture example would
be anytime you install a Database in your system and
access it to practice SQL queries. But such architecture
is rarely used in production.
2-Tier Architecture
2-Tier Architecture
It is a Database architecture where the presentation
layer runs on a client (PC, Mobile, Tablet, etc.), and
data is stored on a server called the second tier. Two
tier architecture provides added security to the DBMS
as it is not exposed to the end-user directly. It also
provides direct and faster communication.
2-Tier Architecture
2-Tier Architecture

Example:

A Contact Management System created

using MS- Access.
3-Tier Architecture
It is the most popular client server architecture in
DBMS in which the development and maintenance of
functional processes, logic, data access, data storage,
and user interface is done independently as separate
modules. Three Tier architecture contains a presentation
layer, an application layer, and a database server.
3-Tier Architecture
3-Tier database Architecture design is an extension
of the 2-tier client-server architecture. A 3-tier
architecture has the following layers:

• Presentation layer (your PC, Tablet, Mobile, etc.)

• Application layer (server)
• Database Server
3-Tier Architecture
3-Tier Architecture
The Application layer resides between the user and
the DBMS, which is responsible for communicating the
user’s request to the DBMS system and send the
response from the DBMS to the user. The application
layer(business logic layer) also processes functional logic,
constraint, and rules before passing data to the user or
down to the DBMS.
3-Tier Architecture Goal

• To separate the user applications and physical

database
• To support DBMS characteristics
• Program-data independence
• Supporting multiple views of the data
References:
Peterson, R. (2023). Database Architecture in DBMS: 1-Tier, 2-Tier and 3-Tier.
Guru99. https://www.guru99.com/ dbms -
architecture.html#:~:text=1%20Tier%20Architecture%20in%20DBMS,it% 20to
%20practice%20SQL%20queries.
DBMS Quick Guide. (n.d.). TutorialsPoint.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/dbms/pdf/dbms_quick_guide.pdf
GeeksforGeeks. (2023a). Introduction of DBMS Database Management System Set
1. GeeksforGeeks. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-dbms-
database-management-system-set-1/?ref=lbp