PRE-CALCULUS

LORDIANE L. CAMBA
Different Types of Conic Sections: Circle, Ellipse, Hyperbola, Parabola,
and Degenerate Cases.
Learning Outcomes:
• Define conic sections as geometric shapes formed by intersecting a
plane with a cone.
• Distinguish the concept of degenerate cases and explain when they
occur in conic sections.
• Evaluate the real-world applications of different conic sections in
fields like physics, engineering, astronomy, and architecture.
Conic Section
IDENTIFY ME!
Am I a circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola?
Directions: You should stand up if it's a circle, remain
sitting if it's an ellipse, clap your hand if it's a parabola,
and then stamp your foot if it's a hyperbola. Everyone
should close their eyes.
Conic Section
IDENTIFY ME!
Am I a circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola?
Directions: You should stand up if it's a circle, remain
sitting if it's an ellipse, clap your hand if it's a parabola,
and then stamp your foot if it's a hyperbola. Everyone
should close their eyes.
Conic Section
IDENTIFY ME!
Am I a circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola?
Directions: You should stand up if it's a circle, remain
sitting if it's an ellipse, clap your hand if it's a parabola,
and then stamp your foot if it's a hyperbola. Everyone
should close their eyes.
Conic Section
IDENTIFY ME!
Am I a circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola?
Directions: You should stand up if it's a circle, remain
sitting if it's an ellipse, clap your hand if it's a parabola,
and then stamp your foot if it's a hyperbola. Everyone
should close their eyes.
Conic Section
IDENTIFY ME!
Am I a circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola?
Directions: You should stand up if it's a circle, remain
sitting if it's an ellipse, clap your hand if it's a parabola,
and then stamp your foot if it's a hyperbola. Everyone
should close their eyes.
Conic Section

Questions:
1. What do you call this ride at an
amusement park?
2. What shape does the Ferris wheel
have?
3. Have you ever tried riding a Ferris
wheel?
4. Where is the biggest Ferris wheel in
the Philippines?
Conic Section

SYNERGY SPARKS!
Directions: Name an object or
phenomenon that you think involves
conic sections.
 Conic Section

CONIC SECTION
SCAVENGER HUNT
Directions: Individually or in small
groups, students will examine the
images and identify which conic
section is present in each. They will
explain their reasoning for each
choice.
Conic Section
Introduction to Conic Sections
Conic sections, also known as conics, are a fascinating
and fundamental branch of geometry that explores the
remarkable interplay between geometric shapes and
algebraic equations. These curves have intrigued
mathematicians, scientists, and engineers for centuries,
and their applications span a wide range of fields, from
astronomy and physics to architecture and engineering.
Conic Section
Types of Conic Sections
1. Circle - a conic section which is formed when the
plane is horizontal as it intersects the cone.
Conic Section
Types of Conic Sections
2. Ellipse - a conic section when the (tilted) plane
intersects only one cone to form a
bounded curve.
Conic Section
Types of Conic Sections
3. Parabola - a conic section when the plane intersects
only one cone to form an unbounded curve.
Conic Section
Types of Conic Sections
4. Hyperbola - a conic section, is formed when the
plane (not necessarily vertical) intersects both cones to
form two unbounded curves (each called a branch of the
hyperbola).
Mixed Note: An improper fraction can convert into another type of fraction
Fractions called mixed fraction It is a whole number and proper fraction together

Converting Improper Fractions to Mixed Fractions

• Divide the numerator by the denominator.
• Write down the whole number answer.
• Then write down any remainder above the denominator.

Solution. 11 with a remainder of 3. Write down the (2) and

then write down the remainder (3) above the denominator (4) which
will gives us
 Mixed
Fractions Multiply the denominator (4) to a whole number (2), then add the
result to the numerator (3), then copy the denominator.
In general,

add

multiply
The is one of the four operations we learned during our preparatory
and elementary days. We will apply these operations to fractions and
later on, to functions.
𝒃 𝒃
𝒂 =𝒂+
𝒄 𝒄
The same expressions
Operations on Operations on Fractions
Fractions

On this lesson, we will discuss the four operations on fractions:

Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Addition and Subtraction of Fractions

Case I. Denominators
Addition are theof
and Subtraction same.
Fractions
When two or more fractions have the same denominators, all
we have to do is to “copy” the denominator and simply add or
subtract the numerators.

Let 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 be any number,

 Addition and
Subtraction of Example.
Fractions
Solution. Since the denominators of two fractions are equal, just
Subtraction: copy the denominator and add the two numerators,
1 1 1 −1 0
− =¿ =¿
4 4 4 4
𝟎
¿ 𝐨𝐫 𝟎
𝟒

1 1 2 1
4 +¿ 4 ¿ 4 ¿ 2
 Addition and
Subtraction of Example.
Fractions
Since the denominators of two fractions are equal, just copy the
Addition: denominator and subtract the two numerators,
3 1 3+1 4
+ =¿ =¿
6 6 6 6
𝟒 𝟐
¿ 𝐨𝐫
𝟔 𝟑

3 1 2
6
− 6 ¿ 6
Addition and
Subtraction of
Fractions
Case II. Denominators are not the same.
When two or more fractions have different denominators,
there are two methods to used:

1. LCD or Least Common Denominator.

Addition andMethod.
2. Butterfly Subtraction of Fractions

Let be any numbers, provided that

 Least Common
Denominator Definition. Least Common Denominator (LCD)
The least common deniminator (LCD) is the smallest number
Note:
that can be a common denominator for a set of fractions. It is the
lowest number you can use in the denominator to create a set of
Your goal is to equivalent fractions that all have the same denominator.
make the
denominators of
the given fractions How to find the LCD?
be equal.
To find the least common denominator first convert all
integers and mixed numbers (mixed fractions) into improper
fractions. Then find the lowest common multiple (LCM) of the
denominators. This number is same as the least common
denominator (LCD). You can then write each term as an equivalent
fraction with the same LCD denominator.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Addition and
Subtraction of Example. Find the LCD and solve the following fractions:
Fractions - LCD

To find the LCD

of denominators 4 Solutions.
and 12,

4: 4, 8, 12, 16, …

12: 12, 24, 36, … LCM or LCD: 12

3 3 7 1
∙ + ∙
4 3 12 1
9 7
¿ +
12 12
16 4
¿ 𝑜𝑟
12 3
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
 Addition and
Subtraction of
Fractions - LCD
LCM or LCD: 21
To find the LCD
10 5 10 7 5 3
of denominators 3 − =¿ ∙ − ∙
and 7, 3 7 3 7 7 3
70 15
3: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ¿ −
18, 21, 24, … 21 21
55
7: 7, 14, 21, 28, … ¿
21

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Addition and
Subtraction of
Fractions - LCD
LCM or LCD: 20
To find the LCD of
denominators 5, 2
and 4,
( )
3 9 1 18
3 − + =¿ − +
5 2 4 5
9 1
2 4 ( )
5: 5, 10, 15, 20, …
18 4 9 10 1 5
¿ ∙ − ∙ + ∙
5 4 2 10 4 5 ( )
72
(90 5
)
2: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,
14, 16, 18, 20, … ¿ − +
20 20 20
4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, …
72 95
¿ −
20 20
23
¿−
20
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
 𝑎𝑐
Addition and
Subtraction of Butterfly Method
Fractions - BM
1. Multiply the numerators and denominators diagonally and add (that
becomes your new numerator).

±
𝑎𝑑 ± 𝑏𝑐 2. Multiply the denominators (that becomes your new denominator).

3. Operate and simplify if possible.

𝑏𝑑
𝑏𝑑 In general, let and be any numbers, provided that

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Addition and
Subtraction of Example. Solve the following fractions using butterfly method.
Fractions - BM

Solutions.
Butterfly Method:
3 7 36+28
LCM or LCD: 12 + =¿
4 12 48
64 4
3 3 7 1 ¿ 𝑜𝑟
∙ + ∙ 48 3
4 3 12 1
9 7
¿ +
12 12
16 4
¿ 𝑜𝑟
12 3
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
 Addition and
Subtraction of
Fractions - LCD
LCM or LCD: 21 Butterfly Method:

To find the LCD 10 5 70 − 15

10 5 10 7 5 3 − =¿
of denominators 3 − =¿ ∙ − ∙ 3 7 21
and 7, 3 7 3 7 7 3 55
70 15 ¿
3: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ¿ − 21
18, 21, 24, … 21 21
55
7: 7, 14, 21, 28, … ¿
21

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Addition and
Subtraction of
Fractions - LCD
LCM or LCD: 20 Butterfly Method:
To find the LCD of
denominators 5, 2
and 4,
( )
3 9 1 18
3 − + =¿ − +
5 2 4 5
9 1
2 4 (
3 9 1 18
3 − + =¿ −
5 2 4 )5
36 +2
8 ( ) ( )
5: 5, 10, 15, 20, …
18 4 9 10 1 5
¿ ∙ − ∙ + ∙
5 4 2 10 4 5 (¿
18
5
−
38
8 ) ( )
72 90 5
( )
2: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,
144 −190
14, 16, 18, 20, … ¿ − + ¿
20 20 20 40
4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, …
72 95 46 23
¿ − ¿− 𝑜𝑟 −
20 20 40 20
23
¿−
20
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
 Addition and Example. Five students (namely A, B, C, D, E) are to share equally
Subtraction of
Fractions
with each other one bilao of suman for their merienda. If for some
reason, C has to leave and decides to give her share to D, what
fraction of suman will D have?

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Addition and Example. Five students (namely A, B, C, D, E) are to share equally
Subtraction of
Fractions
with each other one bilao of suman for their merienda. If for some
reason, C has to leave and decides to give her share to D, what
fraction of suman will D have?

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Addition and Example. Five students (namely A, B, C, D, E) are to share equally
Subtraction of
Fractions
with each other one bilao of suman for their merienda. If for some
reason, C has to leave and decides to give her share to D, what fraction
of suman will D have?

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Addition and Example. Five students (namely A, B, C, D, E) are to share equally
Subtraction of
Fractions
with each other one bilao of suman for their merienda. If for some
reason, C has to leave and decides to give her share to D, what fraction
of suman will D have?

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Addition and Example. Five students (namely A, B, C, D, E) are to share equally
Subtraction of
Fractions
with each other one bilao of suman for their merienda. If for some
reason, C has to leave and decides to give her share to D, what fraction
of suman will D have?

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Addition and Example. Five students (namely A, B, C, D, E) are to share equally
Subtraction of
Fractions
with each other one bilao of suman for their merienda. If for some
reason, C has to leave and decides to give her share to D, what fraction
of suman will D have?

A B C D E

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Addition and Example. Five students (namely A, B, C, D, E) are to share equally
Subtraction of
Fractions
with each other one bilao of suman for their merienda. If for some
reason, C has to leave and decides to give her share to D, what fraction
of suman will D have?

A B C D E

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Addition and Example. Five students (namely A, B, C, D, E) are to share equally
Subtraction of
Fractions
with each other one bilao of suman for their merienda. If for some
reason, C has to leave and decides to give her share to D, what fraction
of suman will D have?

A B C D E

𝟐
2 ¿
Therefore, D will obtain 5 of suman. 𝟓

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Multiplication
of Fractions
Multiplication of Fractions
To multiply two or more fractions, we have to consider first
the notations we may use

Let be any numbers, provided that

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑐 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑐
∙ = × =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑐
∗ =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 ( 𝑎𝑏 )( 𝑐𝑑 )= 𝑏𝑑
𝑎𝑐

Example 1.7.
2 8 2
8∗ ¿ ∗
9 1 9
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics
 Multiplication
of Fractions
There were fractions whose answers contains a big value of
numerator and denominator but reducible. Consider the problem
below.

Solution.
There are two cases in order to find its product.

Case I. Case II.

10 15 150 6 ∙25
∙ ¿ ¿
21 8 168 6 ∙28
∙ ¿ ( )( )
10 152∙5 3∙5
21 8 3∙7 2∙4
¿
5 ∙5
7∙ 4
25
¿
28
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics
 Multiplication
of Fractions
Example. If the total cost of the suman is Php 335.00, and assume
equal contributions, how much each student will pay?

Solution.
1
∙ 335
5
Therefore, each student must contribute Php 67.00

Suppose that student A celebrating his birthday, he said that he will

treat his classmates B, C, D, and E an entire bilao of suman. How
much will he pay?

1 1 1 1 1 5 1∙ 335¿ 335
+¿ +¿ +¿ +¿ =¿ =1 He will pay Php 335.00
5 5 5 5 5 5

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Division of
Fractions
Division of Fractions
To divide two or more fractions, we have to consider first the
notations we may use ÷ 𝑜𝑟 −

Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝑑 𝜖 ℝ, provided that 𝑏, 𝑑≠0

𝑎 𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑑
÷¿ ׿ or
𝑏 𝑑𝑏 𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝑎
𝑏𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑑
¿
𝑐𝑏
׿
𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝑑

Hint: When dividing a fractions, it is important to remember KFC.

K eep F lip C hange

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics
 Division of Example. Perform the following:
Fractions
10 8 5∙2 8 8
¿
6 × ¿ × ¿
5 3∙2 5 3
A complex fraction
K C F
is a fraction whose 4+3 7
numerator and
4 4 7 ×1
denominator is/are ¿ ¿ ¿
also fractions or 5 5 4 5
combination of
fractions. Complex Fraction
3 3 3 3
¿ ¿ ¿ ×
6 −1 5 1 5
3 3

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Decimals Overview: How about a zero exponent?

Consider the following expressions:

A negative exponent?

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Chapter
Decimals1

,00 0 00 0
0
1005 10,40 1,03 1002 101 1 0 0.1 −1 0.01 − 2 0.001 − 3 0.0 0−1 4
⋯ 10 10 10 10 10 10 ∙10 10 10 10 ⋯

thousandths
ones

hundredths
tenths
hundreds

ten thousandths
hundred thousands

thousands
ten thousands

tens
decimal point

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Decimals Definition 1.3. Decimals
A decimal number is a number whose whole number part and
the fractional part is separated by a decimal point. The digits
following the decimal point show a value smaller than one.

Example 1.
4 8
17.48=17+ +
Expanded Form:
10 100
whole number
part decimal
17.48 part Decimal in words: Seventeen and fourty-eight
hundredths
decimal or
point Seventeen point fourty-eight

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Decimals

∙
17 whole 4 out of 10 8 out of 100
4 tenths 8 hundredths

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Converting
Fractions into Converting Fractions into Decimal
Decimals
Fractions can be written as decimals and vice versa. The amount
Php 253.42 can be written as Php .

253.42 = since

is called decimal fraction, which is a fraction whose denominator

is a power of 10.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Converting
Fractions into If we have a decimal fraction, all you have to do to convert this into
Decimals decimal, is to determine the number of zeroes occurred in the
denominator. The number of zeroes occurred is also the number of
movement of decimal point (to the left).

Example.

¿12345.
How to convert fraction into
decimal if the denominator is
5 not a decimal fration?

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Converting
Fractions into If the denominator of a fraction is not apower of ten, all you have to
Decimals do is to divide the numerator into denominator, annexing zeroes to
the dividend as needed.

If the division process terminates with no remainder, the quotient is

called a terminating decimal.

If a digit or digits in the quotient repeats, the quotient is called a

repeating decimal.

If the division does not terminate and the digits do not show any
pattern, the quotient is called a non-terminating, non repeating
decimal.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Converting
Fractions into Example. Write each fraction as a decimal .
Decimals
0. 6 2 5
5 7 0.5833
12 12 7.0000
= =¿
8 8 5 .0 0 0
48 60
20 10 0
16 96
40 40
40 36
40
0 36
4
5 7
=0.625 =0.5833 …
8 12
terminating decimal. ¿ 0.58 3
repeating decimal

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Converting
Fractions into An example of decimal that is nonterminating and nonrepeating are
Decimals those irrational numbers such as , etc.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Converting
Fractions into A decimal number can be written as a fraction since the digits on the
Decimals right of the decimal point represent a proper fraction with a power
of 10 as a denominator. Thus,

5 1
3.5=3+0.5
¿ 3 + ¿ 3+
10 2
5 1
3.05=3+00.5
¿ 3+ ¿ 3+
100 20

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Addition and
Subtraction of To add or subtract decimals, write the numbers to be added or
Decimals subtracted in a column, so that the decimal points are aligned.

Example.
Add: 43.63+24.053+8.5+8.12 Subtract: 46.325 - 18.31
Solution. Solution.
21 1
43.63 3
46.325
-
18.31
+ 24.053
8.5 28 .015
8.12
8 4. 303

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Multiplication
and Division of In multiplication of decimals, we are going to consider two rules
Decimals
Rule 1.
When one factor is a power of ten, move the decimal point of the
other factor to the right, as indicated by the number of zeroes in the
power of 10.

Example.
Find each product.
4.6479 × 10=46.479
4.6479 × 100=464.79
4.6479 × 1,000=4,647.9
4.6479 × 10,000=46,479
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics
 Multiplication
and Division of Rule 2.
Decimals
When both factors are decimal numbers, multiply them as you
would multiply whole numbers. Then count the total number of
Notice
7 5 decimal places in the factors. The product should have the same
0.07= ;
0.05=
100 100 number of decimal places.
Example.
7 5 35
×
¿
100 10010,000
Find each product.
5.23 × 2.7 0.07 × 0.05
35 12 3
=𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓
10,000
× 5.23 2 decimal places
× 0.07 2 decimal places

2.7 1 decimal place 0.05 2 decimal places

3661 0.0035 4 decimal places
+¿ 1046
14.121 3 decimal places
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics
 Multiplication
and Division of To divide decimals by a whole number, divide as you would divide
Decimals whole numbers. Put the decimal point directly above that of the
dividend.
Example.
15 . 2 1 4 8
Divide 821.6 by 54 54 821.6 0 0 0
810
11 6
108
821.6 80
54 = 15.214821482148… 54
¿ 15. 2148 26 0
216
44 0
432
8

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Multiplication To divide by a decimal, move the decimal point of the divisor to the right to
and Division of make it a whole number. Move the decimal point of the dividend the same
Decimals number of places to the right. Then set the decimal point in the quotient
directly above the decimal point of the dividend, and divide as you would
with the whole numbers.
Example.
Divide 23.629 by 1.55
15 . 2 4 4
1. 5 5 155 155 2,362.9 0 0
2,325
37 9
2 3. 6 2 9 2,362.9 310
69 0
620
Round of to the nearest hundreths
23.629 70 0 r. 80
=15.24 620
1.55
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics
 Multiplication
and Division of
To divide by a decimal, move the decimal point of the divisor to the right
Decimals to make it a whole number. Move the decimal point of the dividend the
same number of places to the right. Then set the decimal point in the
quotient directly above the decimal point of the dividend, and divide as
you would with the whole numbers.
15 . 2 1 4 8
Example. 54 821.6 0 0 0
810
Divide 23.629 by 1.57
11 6
108
821.6 80
54 = 15.214821482148… 54
¿ 15. 2148 26 0
216
44 0
432
8

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and Statistics

 Percentage

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Percentage The number 100.

• 100 is an even natural number following 99 and preceding 101.

• On the Celsius scale, 100 degrees is the boiling temperature of pure
water at sea level.
• Abraham was 100 years old (Genesis 21:5), and his wife Sarah was 90
(17:17), when Isaac was born.
• The number of years in a century
• 100 is the symbol of completeness.
• Percentage was discovered because of the number 10.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Percentage

Cent – (American Dollar) Cent – (Canadian Dollar)

Abraham Lincoln Elizabeth II

The cent is a monetary unit of many national currencies that

equals 1​ ⁄100 of the basic monetary unit denoted by the symbol ¢.

When we say "Percent" we are really saying "per 100"

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Percentage
Definition. Percent
A fraction with a denominator of 100 is a It was derived from a
Latin phrase which means “for every hundred”. We use the symbol to
indicate percent.

Definition. Percentage
A is the result obtained by taking a certain percent of a quantity.
The quantity on which the percentage is computed is the The number
indicating how many hundredths are taken is called the

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Percentage
One percent (1%) means 1 per 100

50% means 50 per 100 25% means 25 per 100

(50% of this box is green) (25% of this box is green)

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Percentage Conversion
Percent to Decimal

To write a percent into a decimal, drop the percent sign and move the
decimal point two places to the left.

Example.
1.

2.

3.

4.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Percentage Conversion
Percent to Fraction

To write a percent to fraction, drop the percent sign and wright the
number as a numerator and 100 as a denominator and simplify.

Example.
45 9
1. 45 % = =
100 20
136 34
2. 1 36 % = =
100 25
6 3
3. 6 % = =
100 50
42.5 425 17
4. 4 2.5 %= = =
100 1,000 40
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
 Percentage Conversion
Decimal to Percent

To write a decimal to percent, move the decimal point two places to

the right and annex the percent sign.

Example.
1. 0.36 =36 %
2. 0 .06 =6 %
3. 1 .09 =109 %
4. 4 = 400 %

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Percentage Conversion
Fraction to Percent
To write a fraction to percent, first change the fraction to its decimal
equivalent. Then move the decimal point two places to the right and annex
the percent sign.
Example.
4
1. = 0.50 ∨50 %
8
5
2. = 1.25∨125 %
4
1
3. =0.1667 ∨16.67 %
6
5
4. = 0.714 ∨71.4 %
7
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
 Percentage Example. Three out of nine
students got the correct
answer of teacher’s question.
What percentage of the class
got the correct answer?

3
9
¿ 0. 3×100 %¿33.33 %
3 In general, when a quantity is
=33.33 %
9 multiplied by a percent, the resulting
product is the percentage. To find a
3=(0.3)×9 percentage multiply the base and the
rate
Percentage Base
Rate/Percent 𝑃=𝐵 × 𝑅

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Percentage Finding the Percentage
1. What is 40% of 300?

𝑃=𝐵 × 𝑅
¿0.40 ×300
5
¿ 120 3 . What number is of 640 ?
8
𝑃=𝐵 × 𝑅
2 5
2 . of 150 is what number ? ¿ × 640
3 8
𝑃=𝐵 × 𝑅 =
2
¿ ×150
3
¿ 100
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
 Percentage Example.

1. An employee at Warriors Corporation receives a net monthly income of

$23,750 and spends 20% of this amount on food. How much money is spent
on food every month?

Solution.

Given: (monthly income).

(percent spent on food).

Find: amount spent on food every month.

𝑃=𝐵 × 𝑅
¿ $ 23,750 ×20¿%
$ 23,750 ×0.02
amount spent on food every month.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Percentage Example.

2. Mark Jorel purchased a new car worth Php 750,000. He made a down
payment that is 45% of the price. How much is the down payment?
Solution.

Given: (cost of car).

(percent of downpayment).

Find: down payment.

𝑃=𝐵 × 𝑅
¿ Php750,000 × 45 %
¿ Php750,000 × 0.45
down payment.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Rate Finding the Rate – To solve for the rate, we use the formula

𝑃
𝑅=
𝐵

1. 5 is what percent of 20? 2.375is what percent of 500?

5 375
𝑅= 𝑅=
20 500
1 3
¿ ∨0.25 ¿ ∨0.75
4 4
𝑅=25 % 𝑅=75 %

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Rate Example.

1. Mr. Jimenez sold a pair of rubber shoes bought for $3,500 and earned a
profit of $750. What percent of the original price is the profit?
Solution.
Given: (original price).
(profit earned).

Find: rate of profit.

𝑃
𝑅=
𝐵
$ 750
¿
$ 3,500
¿0.2143∨21.43 %
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
 Rate Example.

2. The annual salary of a faculty member is Php 326,000. Ih he receives a

bonus pay of Php 35,250, what percent of the annual salary is the bonus
pay?
Solution.
Given: (annual salary).
(bonus pay).
Find: rate of the bonus pay.
𝑃
𝑅=
𝐵
Php 35,250
¿
Php 326,000
¿0.1081∨10.81 %
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
 Base Finding the Base – The base is the number on which a rate is applied. To solve,
𝑃
𝐵=
𝑅
2
1. 20 is 40% of what number? 2 .60 isof what number ?
20 3
𝐵= 𝐵=
60 60 3
0.40 2 ¿ 1 ×2
20 20 100
¿ = × 3
40 1 40
100
𝐵=90
𝐵=50

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Base Example.

1. Prof. Curioso failed 15 students, which is 20% of the students enrolled

in his two classes of business calculus. How many students were enrolled in
his classes?
Solution.
Given: (number of students who failed).
(percent of students who failed).
Find: number of students enrolled in two business calculus classes.
𝑃
𝐵=
𝑅
15 15
¿ ¿
20 % 0.2
students are enrolled in the two classes.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Base Example.

2. A vehicle is ensured for $225,000. If this amount is 25% of the purchased

price, what is the original price of the vehicle?

Solution.
Given: (insured amount).
(percent insured).
Find: original price.
𝑃
𝐵=
𝑅
$225,000 $225,000
¿ ¿
25% 0.25
¿ $ 900,000 original price
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and
 Percentage Exercise.

Solve for the missing values.

Ans. 36

Ans. 600

Ans. 288

Ans. 0.2 or 20%

Ans.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and

 Percentage Exercise.

Solve each problem.

1. Marie sold a tennis racket for Php 1,200 making a

Ans. 16.67%
profit of Php 200. Her profit is what percent of the selling
price.

2. A government employee receives Php 2,540 a week. If

he spends 18% of this amount on food, how much does Ans. Php 457.2
she spend on food weekly?

Polytechnic University of the Philippines Department of Mathematics and